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Why Spiritual Gifts Aren’t Really A Thing

Why Spiritual Gifts Aren’t Really A Thing

Last updated on: September 12, 2019 at 10:39 pm by John C. Nugent

Why Spiritual Gifts Aren’t Really A Thing 2019-09-12T22:39:00-05:00 John C. Nugent

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The Problem with Spiritual Gifts

I’m not sure spiritual gifts are a thing. I realize that this statement requires an explanation. The Apostle Paul appears to speak about them in 1 Corinthians. Churches often teach classes on them. And many Christians have taken tests to identify them. It’s how many of us first learned that we might be good teachers, preachers, or worship leaders.

I don’t dispute that God has empowered each member of the church to serve the common good. Rather, I dispute the notion that such empowerment is best captured by language of “spiritual” gifting. What is worse, the common use of the term “spiritual gifts” often leads churches directly into the error that Paul corrects in 1 Corinthians.

Outside of 1 Corinthians 12-14

Paul’s discussion of gifts in 1 Corinthians involves a contest of words and frameworks. This contest is not unique to the topic of gifts. Earlier in the letter, Paul contests notions that “all things are permissible” and that “it is good that a husband does not have sex with his wife.”

Thus, some of the terms Paul uses in chapters 12-14 are the Corinthians’ language, while others represent his own. Distinguishing between them is vital.

To do so, we will examine how key terms function where the topic of gifts is not being debated, both elsewhere in 1 Corinthians and outside of it. This sheds valuable light on Paul’s discussion in chapters 12-14.

“Spiritual” (Pneumatikos in Greek)

Elsewhere in 1 Corinthians, Paul uses the term “spiritual” to refer to a number of things:

a form of wisdom (2:13-15)
the opposite of infantile fleshly thinking (3:1)
the gospel seed he has sown among them (9:11)
how one regards food and drink (10:3-4)
the resurrection body (15:44)
the sort of man Christ was (15:46)

Outside of 1 Corinthians, Paul uses the term “spiritual” as follows:

a word of encouragement he plans to share with the church in Rome (Rom 1:11-12)
something that contrasts with what is natural (Rom 7:14, 15:27)
a form of Christian maturity (Gal 6:1)
heavenly blessings (Eph 1:3)
a kind of song (Eph 5:19, Col 3:16)
forces of evil (Eph 6:12)
and a way of understanding (Col 1:9)

Thus, except for 1 Corinthians 12-14, Paul never uses the word pneumatikos when describing abilities given by the Holy Spirit to believers.

Graces/Gifts (various forms of Charisma or Dorea in Greek)

Elsewhere in 1 Corinthians, Paul uses these terms as follows:

that which God has gifted the church so that it lacks in nothing (1:4-7). This passage anticipates the discussion about God-given abilities in chapters 12-14. Both the NIV and NRSV confuse matters by translating this term as “spiritual gift,” even though the term “spiritual” is not present.
the unique way God gifts the church, which requires the Spirit to understand (2:12)
the grace God gave him to establish churches (3:10)
the gift of celibacy that enables him to serve the church in a unique way (7:7)
his apostolic ministry (15:9-10)

Outside of 1 Corinthians, Paul uses these terms in similar ways:

diverse abilities God gives the church body to carry out its ministry (Rom 12:6)
a variety of gifts God gives to empower the church for ministry (Eph 4:7-8)
a capacity for ministry given to Timothy through the laying on of hands (1 Tim 4:14)

Paul is not alone in this. Peter also uses a term for gift (charisma) to describe God-given abilities for ministry in the church (1 Pet 4:10). So three observations are critical at this point:

Outside of 1 Corinthians 12-14, divinely-given abilities for ministry are referred to as gifts or graces.
The most common words for gift in the New Testament are never linked with the word “spiritual” outside of 1 Corinthians (nor in it, as we will see).
All throughout 1 Corinthians, Paul corrects his original audience because they have a faulty understanding of spirituality. They associate it with worldly notions, and this has stunted their spiritual growth.

“Spiritual Gifts” in 1 Corinthians 12-14

Having surveyed “spiritual” and “gift” language beyond 1 Corinthians 12-14, we can better appreciate Paul’s verbal contest with the Corinthians over God’s gifts.

Before chapters 12-14, Paul uses gift language to describe how God equips church members for ministry. He then transitions to a lengthy section on this topic in 12:1-2, saying, “and now concerning pneumatikos [spiritual-things].” Unfortunately, the NRSV and KJV confuse matters by translating this single word as “spiritual gifts.” Yet no term for gift is present. The NIV makes a similar mistake by saying “gifts of the Spirit.”

Chapters 12-14 stand in the middle of a section where Paul responds to specific topics the church wrote to him about. This broad section begins in 7:1, saying, “Now concerning the matters about which you wrote.” Paul continues in verse 7, “It is well for a man not to touch a woman.” As we read on, we learn that this statement about sexual abstinence was a Corinthian position that Paul had to challenge.

Likewise, Paul challenges the Corinthian notion of spiritual things. He opens chapter 12 with “and now concerning pneumatikos.” This appears to be their preferred term for identifying special abilities that special people in the church have. In other words, the Corinthians probably believed that only “spiritual people” can do “spiritual things.”

In 12:2, Paul makes clear that this notion is a hangover from their pre-Christian past. He says, “You know that when you were pagans, you were enticed and led astray to idols that could not speak.” This anticipates his discussion of tongues. In ancient pagan religions, spiritual people spoke on behalf of their gods, since these gods were but mute idols. So the Corinthians were familiar with a kind of tongue-speaking common in pagan worship, and they were bringing it into the church.

Paul then sets out to debunk the notion that only elite people in the church have received the Spirit and may speak on God’s behalf.

He begins this corrective in 12:4-6 by clarifying that God gives a variety of gifts/graces (charisma) to every member through the same Spirit. So no one is especially spiritual by virtue of having a special ability. He then concludes this chapter by encouraging the church to strive for the greater charisma—the gifts that edify others (v. 31).

Thus, Paul has been consistent throughout the letter in referring to Spirit-given abilities as gifts/graces (charisma). Though he refers to the Corinthian term for spiritual abilities in 14:1, he does so only to subvert it. There he encourages Christians to pursue love and strive for spiritual things (pneumatikos). But then he highlights prophecy—not tongues—as the desired virtue. Prophecy builds others up in a way that unintelligible tongues do not.

Conclusion

So what does the Bible teach about “spiritual gifts”?

This phrase never refers to abilities that God gives church members to build up the body of Christ. Instead, Paul and Peter’s preferred term for such abilities is charisma. We might translate this term into English as charisms, graces, or gifts.
The confused Corinthians are the ones who identified certain Christian abilities as “spiritual.” Paul critiques this notion of spiritual elitism. He emphasizes that all abilities are given by God’s Spirit to serve the body of Christ.

It is thus highly ironic that modern translations replace both the Corinthian term (pneumatikos) and Paul’s term (charisma) with a new phrase of their own making: “spiritual gift.”

So it should not surprise us that many Christians today perpetuate the Corinthian error of exalting some members or gifts above others on the basis that some are more “spiritual.”

Christians today would do well to follow Paul’s lead. We should move away from “spiritual” language and toward “gift/grace” language. Such language better captures how God has blessed each member by his Spirit to serve the body of Christ.

[This post follows up on our discussion of spiritual gifts on the After Class Podcast]

About John Nugent

John C. Nugent is the author of "Endangered Gospel," professor of theology, and co-host of the After Class Podcast. You can read more about the author here.

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