{"id":1589,"date":"2023-09-22T11:28:56","date_gmt":"2023-09-22T15:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/theconversation\/?p=1589"},"modified":"2023-09-22T11:30:26","modified_gmt":"2023-09-22T15:30:26","slug":"journey-to-the-west-why-the-classic-chinese-novels-mischievous-monkey-and-his-very-human-quest-has-inspired-centuries-of-adaptations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/theconversation\/2023\/09\/journey-to-the-west-why-the-classic-chinese-novels-mischievous-monkey-and-his-very-human-quest-has-inspired-centuries-of-adaptations\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Journey to the West\u2019: Why the Classic Chinese Novel\u2019s Mischievous Monkey \u2013 and His Very Human Quest \u2013 Has Inspired Centuries of\u00a0Adaptations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>
\n \u2018Monkey: Journey To The West,\u2019 a nine-act opera adaptation performed at the Chatelet Theater in France.
\n
Bertrand Rindoff Petroff\/French Select via Getty Image<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption>\n<\/p>
By Ji Hao<\/a> of College of the Holy Cross<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n
One summer afternoon in the late 1980s, my mother and I passed by a tea house on our trip out of town. The crowded building was usually a boisterous place filled with chatter, laughter, and the happy, clacking shuffle of mahjong tiles. At the moment we were passing, however, a great hush came over the teahouse: People were held spellbound by the black-and-white glow of a small TV in a corner, playing an episode of the series \u201cJourney to the West.\u201d<\/p>\n
The TV series was adapted from a 16th century Chinese novel<\/a> with the same title that has undergone numerous adaptations<\/a> and has captured the imagination of Chinese people to this day. Like many kids in China, I was fascinated by the magic Monkey King, the beloved superhero in the novel, who went through amazing adventures with other pilgrims in their quest for Buddhist<\/a> scriptures. While I had to quickly walk by the teahouse in order to catch our bus that day, this moment flashed back to me from time to time, making me wonder what made \u201cJourney to the West\u201d so fascinating for people of all ages and backgrounds.<\/p>\n
After graduating from college, I embarked on the next chapter of my academic journey in the United States and reconnected with \u201cJourney to the West\u201d from a different perspective. Now, as a scholar with expertise in traditional Chinese literature<\/a>, I am interested in the development of literary and cultural traditions around the story, including how it has been translated<\/a> and reimagined by many artists<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\n <\/a>
\n Students of a Beijing opera school dance during a performance about the \u2018Monkey King\u2019 in 2006.<\/span>*
*\n China Photos\/Getty Images<\/a><\/span>*
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
**
*While deeply enmeshed in Chinese traditions, the story also resonates with readers from diverse cultures. \u201cJourney to the West\u201d creates shared ground by highlighting the quest for a common humanity, epitomized by its best-loved character, the Monkey King \u2013 a symbol of the human mind.<\/p>\n
One journey, many stories<\/h2>\n
Scholars usually trace the beginning of this literary tradition to a Buddhist monk, Xuanzang<\/a>, who set out on an epic pilgrimage to India in 627 C.E. He was determined to consult and bring back Sanskrit copies of Buddhist scriptures, rather than rely on previous Chinese translations. He did so after nearly 17 years and devoted the rest of his life to translating the scriptures.<\/p>\n
\n <\/a>
\n The seventh-century monk and translator Xuanzang traveled far and wide in India for Buddhist scriptures.<\/span>***
***\n Pictures from History\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>***
***\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The journey has inspired a wide variety of representations in literature, art and religion, making a lasting impact on Chinese culture and society. Legends began to emerge during Xuanzang\u2019s lifetime. Over centuries, they gradually evolved into a distinct tradition<\/a> of storytelling, often focused on how Xuanzang overcame obstacles with the help of supernatural companions.<\/p>\n
This culminated in a 16th century Chinese novel, \u201cJourney to the West.\u201d By this point, the hero of the story had already shifted from Xuanzang to one of his disciples: the Monkey King of Flower-Fruit Mountain, who serves as Xuanzang\u2019s protector. The Monkey King possesses strong magical powers \u2013 transforming himself, cloning himself and even performing somersaults that fly him more than 30,000 miles at once.<\/p>\n
Despite this novel\u2019s dominance, the broader tradition around \u201cJourney to the West\u201d encompasses a wide variety of stories in diverse forms. The canonic novel itself grew out of this collective effort, and its authorship is still debated \u2013 even as it continues to inspire new adaptations.<\/p>\n
The deeper journey<\/h2>\n*****
**
*****Central to all Journey to the West stories is a theme of pilgrimage, which immediately raises a question regarding the nature of the novel: What is the journey really about?<\/p>\n
Centuries-long debates about the journey\u2019s deeper message<\/a> center on the 16th century novel. Traditional commentators in late imperial China adopted a variety of approaches to the novel and underscored its connections with different religious and philosophical doctrines: Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism<\/a> and syntheses of those teachings.<\/p>\n
\n <\/a>
\n Four of the characters from \u2018Journey to the West,\u2019 made in the clay figurine technique of Huishan, China, including the Monkey King on the right.<\/span>*****
*****\n Zhang Peng\/LightRocket via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>*****
*****\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
In the early 20th century, Chinese scholar and diplomat Hu Shi<\/a> criticized traditional allegorical interpretations, which he feared would make the novel seem less approachable for the general public.<\/p>\n
His opinion influenced Arthur Waley\u2019s \u201cMonkey<\/a>,\u201d an abridged English translation of \u201cJourney to the West\u201d published in 1942, which has contributed to the canonization of the novel abroad<\/a>. To a considerable extent, \u201cMonkey\u201d turns the pilgrims\u2019 journey into Monkey\u2019s own journey of self-improvement and personal growth.<\/p>\n
Recent scholarship has further underlined religious and ritual connotations<\/a> of the novel from different perspectives, and debates over the issue continue. But few people would deny that one idea plays a crucial role: the Monkey King as a symbol of the mind.<\/p>\n
Mind monkey<\/h2>\n
There has been a long tradition in Chinese culture that associates the image of a simian creature<\/a> with the human mind. On the one hand, a monkey often symbolizes a restless mind, calling for discipline and cultivation. On the other hand, an active mind also opens up the opportunity to challenge the status quo and even transcend it, progressing to a higher state.<\/p>\n
The Monkey King in the novel demonstrates this dual dimension of the mind<\/a>. He vividly displays adaptability in exploring uncharted territories and adjusting to changing circumstances \u2013 and learning to rely on teamwork and self-discipline, not merely his magic powers.<\/p>\n
\n <\/a>
\n The Monkey King creates an army by plucking out his fur and blowing it into the air \u2013 each hair becomes a monkey-warrior. From the Japanese series \u2018Yoshitoshi ryakuga.\u2019<\/span>*******
*******\n John Stevenson\/Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc.\/Corbis Historical\/Corbis via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>*******
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
**
Before being sent on the pilgrimage, the Monkey King\u2019s quest for self-gratification wreaked havoc in heaven and led to his imprisonment by the Buddha. The goddess Guanyin agreed to give him a second chance on the condition that he join the other pilgrims and assist them. His journey is fraught with the tensions between self-discipline and self-reliance, as he learns how to channel his physical and mental powers for good. <\/p>\n
**
*******The Monkey King\u2019s human qualities, from arrogance to fear, endow him with universal appeal. Readers gradually witness his self-improvement, revealing a common human quest. They may frown upon how the Monkey King is entrapped within his own ego, yet respect his courage in challenging authority and battling adversity. While his mischievous tricks give a good laugh, his loyalty to the monk Xuanzang and his sense of righteousness make a lasting impression.<\/p>\n
Reviewing Waley\u2019s \u201cMonkey\u201d in 1943<\/a>, Chinese-American writer Helena Kuo commented of the pilgrims: \u201cHumanity would have missed a great deal if they have been exemplary characters.\u201d Indeed, each one depicts humanity\u2019s quest for a better self, particularly the main character. Monkeying around on the path of life, this simian companion captivates readers \u2013 and makes them consider their own journey.<\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a>, a nonprofit, independent news organization dedicated to unlocking the knowledge of experts for the public good.<\/p>\n
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