{"id":1490,"date":"2023-09-05T11:02:56","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T15:02:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/theconversation\/?p=1490"},"modified":"2023-09-15T09:26:41","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T13:26:41","slug":"saudi-reforms-are-softening-islams-role-but-critics-warn-the-kingdom-will-still-take-a-hard-line-against-dissent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/theconversation\/2023\/09\/saudi-reforms-are-softening-islams-role-but-critics-warn-the-kingdom-will-still-take-a-hard-line-against-dissent\/","title":{"rendered":"Saudi Reforms Are Softening Islam\u2019s Role, But Critics Warn the Kingdom Will Still Take a Hard Line Against\u00a0Dissent"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n

\n Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
\n

AP Photo\/Pavel Golovkin, pool, File<\/a><\/span>
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/head>

By Nathan French<\/a> of Miami University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The crown prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, or \u201cMBS,\u201d is bringing a new vision of a \u201cmoderate, balanced\u201d<\/a> Saudi Islam by minimizing the role of Saudi religious institutions<\/a> once seen as critical to the monarchy. <\/p>\n

For decades, Saudi kings provided support to religious scholars and institutions that advocated an austere form of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism<\/a>. The kingdom enforced strict codes of morality<\/a>, placing restrictions on the rights of women and religious minorities, among others. <\/p>\n

Under MBS, women have been allowed to drive<\/a>; co-educational classrooms<\/a>, movie theaters<\/a> and all-night concerts<\/a> in the desert \u2013 in which men and women dance together \u2013 are a new normal. <\/p>\n

Scholars Yasmine Farouk<\/a> and Nathan J. Brown<\/a> call the diminishing role of Wahhabi religious scholars within Saudi domestic and international policy nothing short of a \u201crevolution<\/a>\u201d in Saudi affairs.<\/p>\n

MBS acknowledges<\/a> that these reforms risk infuriating certain constituents or could even provoke retaliation. As a scholar who studies interpretations of Islamic law<\/a> to justify or contest militancy, I\u2019ve followed these reforms closely.<\/p>\n

In the past, Saudis who challenged the authority of Wahhabis have provoked unrest. When King Fahd, who ruled between 1982-2005, rejected the advice of his Wahhabi scholars and allowed the U.S. military to station weapons and female service members on Saudi soil, several of them supported a violent insurrection<\/a> against him.<\/p>\n

MBS seems unconcerned<\/a> with such challenges. In an interview broadcast widely throughout the kingdom, MBS chastised Wahhabi scholars<\/a>, accusing some of falsifying Islamic doctrines. He then detained a major Wahhabi scholar from whom he once sought counsel<\/a>, charging him with crimes against the monarchy. MBS defended these actions<\/a>, claiming, \u201cWe are returning to what we were before. A country of moderate Islam that is open to all religions, traditions and people around the globe.\u201d<\/p>\n

Negotiating Wahhabism<\/h2>\n This proclaimed return of \u201cmoderate Islam\u201d echoes the reforms of MBS\u2019s grandfather, King Abdulaziz, founder of the modern Saudi kingdom<\/a>. This vision rejects policies toward Wahhabi Islam favored by his uncles, King Faisal and King Khalid.<\/p>\n Between 1925 and 1932, Abdulaziz suppressed Wahhabi scholars and militants who had demanded that he uphold their version of \u201cpure Islam\u201d<\/a> and not open the kingdom to trade and development. He did the opposite and asserted the supremacy of the monarchy.<\/p>\n The booming Saudi oil economy developed by Abdulaziz required his son, King Faisal, who ruled from 1964 to 1975, to reconsider the monarchy\u2019s relationship<\/a> with Wahhabism. Unlike Abdulaziz, Faisal believed Wahhabis would help him save the kingdom.<\/p>\n Saudis who felt left behind in the emerging Saudi oil economy had found an inspirational symbol of liberation in Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who helped overthrow the Egyptian monarchy in 1952 and implemented plans to redistribute Egyptian wealth.<\/p>\n Faisal encouraged<\/a> Wahhabi scholars to work with politically driven Islamists to reject the revolutionary politics of Abdel Nasser\u2019s Egypt and craft a new vision of Islam for Saudi youth.<\/p>\n Faisal permitted Wahhabi scholars to reform Saudi educational institutions with their conservative Islamic curriculum. Abroad, Faisal\u2019s scholars presented Wahhabism as an authentic Islamic alternative<\/a> to the Cold War ideologies of the U.S. and USSR. Wealthy Saudis, these Wahhabi scholars argued, had a religious duty to promote Wahhabism across the globe.<\/p>\n Resisting Wahhabism<\/h2>\n*** ** Faisal\u2019s reforms met with success. King Khalid, who followed Faisal, continued to favor Wahhabi scholars, particularly while responding to two major challenges in 1979. <\/p>\n ** ***A group of Saudi students, who believed Faisal\u2019s and Khalid\u2019s reforms to be illegitimate, seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Islam\u2019s most sacred site, for two weeks in 1979. An attack on the Grand Mosque was viewed as an attack on the monarchy itself, which claims the mantle of \u201cCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques.\u201d<\/p>\n \n \n The 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque.<\/span>*** ***\n AFP via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>*** ***\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n The seizure came to a violent end with combined action by French and Saudi military forces. Afterward, Khalid agreed<\/a> to elevate religious officials who affirmed the Islamic credentials of the monarchy.<\/p>\n Also in 1979, other Saudi youth traveled to join the resistance against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. One such Saudi who answered the call that year was Osama bin Laden, who would establish al-Qaida in 1988. <\/p>\n Bin Laden\u2019s and al-Qaida\u2019s grievances against the monarchy emerged following King Fahd\u2019s acceptance of an increased deployment of U.S. soldiers to Saudi soil following Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein\u2019s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Bin Ladin proclaimed<\/a> the presence of American infidels in Saudi Arabia to be a defilement of Islamic holy lands, an \u201caffront<\/a>\u201d to Islamic sensibilities, and demanded the destruction of the monarchy. Al-Qaida launched anti-Saudi insurgent campaigns lasting through 2010.<\/p>\n Not all conservative Islamist leaders called for violence. As historian Madawi Al-Rasheed<\/a> notes, many Saudi scholars framed themselves as reformers<\/a> who sought to correct Fahd\u2019s departures from \u201cauthentic\u201d Islam and restore Faisal\u2019s vision.<\/p>\n When MBS speaks of a \u201cmoderate Islam\u201d he is not just condemning the violence of al-Qaida. He\u2019s abandoning the monarchy\u2019s accommodations of the Wahhabi establishment. He blames some Wahhabi scholars<\/a> for the violence that the monarchy faced in 1979 and again in the the 1990s and 2000s. <\/p>\n He has worked quickly to erase those accommodations and, like his grandfather, affirm the supremacy of the monarchy.<\/p>\n A \u2018moderate Wahhabism\u2019 for Saudi society?<\/h2>\n \n <\/a> \n \u2018Saudi Vision 2030\u2019 aims to bring a complete Saudi political, economic, educational and cultural transformation.<\/span>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Many of these revolutionary changes occurred amid the 2016 unveiling of \u201cSaudi Vision 2030,\u201d a plan for complete Saudi political, economic, educational and cultural transformation. MBS believes that this will meet the demands of Saudis under the age of 30 \u2013 who number more than 60%<\/a> of the kingdom\u2019s population.<\/p>\n The religious curriculum shaped by King Faisal is gone, replaced with a \u201cSaudi first\u201d education, which removes Ibn abd al-Wahhab<\/a>, the founder of Wahhabism, from textbooks and emphasizes Saudi patriotism over a Wahhabi Islamic religious identity. Saudi Arabia has announced it will no longer fund<\/a> mosques and Wahhabi educational institutions in other countries.<\/p>\n Saudi religious police, once tasked with upholding public morality, saw their powers curtailed<\/a>. They no longer have powers of investigation or arrest. They cannot punish behaviors deemed morally inappropriate.<\/p>\n Critics remain unimpressed, noting that demoting religious officials does not diminish the violence of the Saudi state. Religious police continue their online surveillance of social media. In 2018, Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist, was killed following his calls<\/a> for a continued voice for Islamist reformers in Saudi Arabia. Al-Rasheed argues<\/a> that the images of a new Saudi society conceal suppression of Saudi reformers. Some observers note that a growing Saudi \u201csurveillance state<\/a>,\u201d with capacities to peek into the private lives of Saudis, underwrites these reforms. <\/p>\n As Peter Mandaville<\/a>, a scholar of international affairs, observes, the \u201cmoderate Islam\u201d offered by MBS is complicated<\/a>. On the one hand, it characterizes a new tolerant Saudi Arabian Islam. Yet, inside the kingdom, Mandaville argues that the \u201cmoderate Islam\u201d of MBS demands that Saudi youth \u2013 as good Muslims \u2013 will submit to the authority of the monarchy over the kingdom\u2019s affairs.<\/p>\n Some observers believe this might not be enough. Mohammad Fadel<\/a>, a professor of Islamic legal history, argues that the current configuration of the Saudi monarchy is incompatible<\/a> with \u201cthe kind of independent thought the crown prince is calling for in matters of religion.\u201d Saudi society will flourish, he adds, \u201cwhen Prince Mohammed recognizes the right of Muslims to rule themselves politically.\u201d<\/p>\n With these reforms to Wahhabism, MBS hopes to secure the loyalty of a generation of young Saudis. As Saudi history would indicate, however, such a bargain requires constant renegotiation and renewal.<\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a>, a nonprofit, independent news organization dedicated to unlocking the knowledge of experts for the public good. .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" A scholar who has closely followed reforms that MBS has made to Wahhabism, an austere form of Islam, explains the changes taking place in the Saudi kingdom and their 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