Buddhist Catholic Contemplative Evangelical General Christian Hindu Jewish Latter-day Saint Muslim New Visions Progressive Christian

Beliefs

Topics

Columnists

Resource Library

Research Tools

Video

Podcasts

Thought Readers

Faith In Media Tracker

Newsletters

Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In Subscription Support

Follow Patheos

Home
Progressive Christian
Politics and Religion
Gender Equality and Patriarchy in the Bible

Gender Equality and Patriarchy in the Bible

Last updated on: July 18, 2025 at 11:28 am by Herb Montgomery

Gender Equality and Patriarchy in the Bible 2025-07-18T11:28:54-04:00 Herb Montgomery

LOGO Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and spiritualities of the world.

Image by Canva

Again, a case for gender equality from the Bible typically begins in Genesis. In the creation narrative of Genesis 1, both man and woman are created in the image of God: “So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them” (Genesis 1:27, NRSV). This passage affirms that both men and women equally reflect God’s image and share in the divine mandate to care for creation (Genesis 1:28). There is no hint of hierarchy in this first creation account.

Welcome Readers! Please subscribe to Social Jesus Here.

This is Part 3 of The Bible and Gender Equality

(Read this series from its beginning here.)

Patriarchy then appears in Genesis 3:16 when God tells Eve, “your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you.” Debate rages over whether this statement is descriptive or prescriptive. Those who support gender equality protest that these words describe the broken relational dynamic resulting from sin, not God’s original intent for male-female relationships. The rest of the biblical story, from this perspective, is seen as God working to restore creation and overcome the destructive consequences of sin including gender-based oppression.

Throughout the rest of our sacred text, women are depicted as active agents in God’s liberative work. In the Hebrew scriptures, figures such as Deborah, a prophet and judge (Judges 4–5); Huldah, a prophet consulted by the king’s priests (2 Kings 22); and Esther, who risked her life to save her people stand out as examples of female leadership. These women act with courage and divine authority, often in ways that challenge the gender norms of their time.

In our reading this week, as in the rest of the gospels, Jesus’ interactions with women were countercultural and deeply affirming. He welcomed women as disciples (Luke 8:1–3) and revealed deep theological truths to them (John 4:7–26). After His resurrection, Jesus first appeared to women and commissioned them to tell the good news to the male disciples (Matthew 28:1–10; John 20:11–18), an act that many interpret as Jesus placing women at the forefront of the disciples’ gospel proclamation.

Certain sectors of the early Jesus community continued this pattern. This was not universal, however, as debate even then existed between patriarchal early followers and those who perceived Jesus as teaching more gender equality. In the sectors that practiced more gender equality, we find such examples as Phoebe (Romans 16:1–2), Junia (Romans 16:7), and Priscilla (Acts 18:26). These women were leaders in the early Christian movement. Their existence in the early church being praised by Paul should be held in tension with Paul’s often-quoted passages that seem to limit women’s roles. Many scholars and believers today do see a consistent trajectory toward gender equality in scriptures. These scholars believe that, from creation stories to the early church, Scripture reveals a God who values, empowers, and calls all genders to participate fully in what it means to follow Jesus.

It is also just as true that the Bible has historically been used to support patriarchal systems. And the Bible is not univocal on this or any subject. The Bible is a collection of texts considered sacred. These texts were written, redacted, collected and compiled by over hundreds of years, within multiple cultures. Even by the most conservative estimates, that’s almost 50 different authors (this doesn’t include redactors, translators, or compilers). Of course it’s not univocal on every subject!

What we must ask ourselves in our contexts today is whether a passage or an interpretation of a passage is life-giving? We must ask who is it hurting? Is it moving us closer to a world that is a safe, compassionate, just home for everyone, even those different from ourselves, or away from one? What stories in the Bible do you believe teach gender equality?

Are you receiving all of RHM’s free resources each week?

Begin each day being inspired toward love, compassion, justice and action. Free.

General Christian

Politics and Religion

About Herb Montgomery

Herb Montgomery, director of Renewed Heart Ministries, is an author and adult religious re-educator helping Christians explore the intersection of their faith with love, compassion, action, and societal justice. You can read more about the author here.

Previous Post

July 17, 2025

The Bible and Gender Equality

Next Post

July 22, 2025 The Lord's Prayer and Unrealized Justice

Browse Our Archives

Select a Category Ableism Abolition Advent Anti Semitism Christianity Christmas Climate Justice Criminal Justice Democracy Disability Justice Distributive Justice Easter Economic Justice Environmental Justice Equity Feminism Government Immigration Justice Indigenous Justice Interfaith Law and Order LGBTQ Affirmation Liberation Theology Migrant Justice Myth of Redemptive Suffering Nonviolence Prayer Racial Justice Reparation Resistance Resurrection Social Gospel Social Justice Survival Uncategorized Womanism

Select a Month October 2026 September 2026 August 2026 July 2026 June 2026 May 2026 April 2026 March 2026 February 2026 January 2026 December 2025 November 2025 October 2025 September 2025 August 2025 July 2025 June 2025 May 2025 April 2025 March 2025 February 2025 January 2025 December 2024 November 2024 October 2024 September 2024 August 2024 July 2024 June 2024 May 2024 April 2024 March 2024 February 2024 January 2024 December 2023 November 2023 October 2023 September 2023 August 2023 July 2023 June 2023 May 2023 April 2023 March 2023 February 2023 January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019

TAKE THE

Religious Wisdom Quiz

What was the primary economic system in Biblical times?

Select your answer to see how you score.

Gold standard Silver coins Barter Taxation