To Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat<\\/em><\\/h3>\\nPart Two: Is no-kill cultivated meat kosher?<\\/h2>\\n An Interview with Sam Shonkoff<\\/h3>\\n \"\" Is cultivated meat kosher?<\\/figcaption><\\/figure>\\n Is no-kill cultivated meat kosher?<\\/p>\\n In Part One of \\u201cTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat,\\u201d we announced the publication of the September 2022 issue of Pax Lumina<\\/em><\\/a>. The magazine theme? \\u201cGlobal Food Crisis and Food Justice.\\u201d Within this issue, we\\u2013Brian Brosovic and Ted Peters\\u2013placed our article, \\u201cTo Meet Cultivated Meat.\\u201d With the prospects of a new globe wide market for no-kill cultivated meat products, we could envision a scenario including a drastic reduction if not elimination of grazing pasture lands, methane gas pollution, and slaughter houses.\\u00a0Here in Patheos<\\/em>, we would like to extend that conversation by obtaining responses, especially religious responses. In this post we will ask our Berkeley colleague in Jewish Studies at the GTU, Sam Shonkoff: \\u201cis cultivated meat kosher?\\u201d<\\/p>\\n But first, what is the science? Genetic engineering provides the science of meat. Then, the technology of meat leads to production. Yet to be dealt with are the economics of meat and the ethics of meat.<\\/p>\\n Briefly, what is the science of no-kill cultivated meat?<\\/strong>\\u00a0<\\/strong><\\/h2>\\n***** *\* *****Here is a very brief summary of the science of cultivated no-kill meat.<\\/p>\\n \\nAnimal cells are sourced via a biopsy technique from either a live or recently slaughtered animal. These cells will be self-renewing in the laboratory setting. So, once an initial sample of cells is taken, there are no additional needs for a live animal. Different types of cells can be taken based on the overall needs and applications (meat, fat, connective tissue, specific organs, etc.) for those cells.<\\/li>\\nThose cells taken for self-replication are brought into a lab environment, where they are introduced to a growth medium to supply needed nutrients. The starter period of growth and replication begins. In this phase, the cells are \\u201cretrained\\u201d and \\u201creprogrammed\\u201d using gene editing techniques to produce the exact type of cells desired.(Ito, 2017) (Wu, 2017) As we saw in Part One, at least one company in Israel uses fibroblasts rather than embryonic stem cells.<\\/li>\\nAn initial collection of starter cells is introduced to a bioreactor to continue growth in a highly controlled environment (time, temp, oxygen levels, pH, etc.). They are carefully nourished with a proprietary growth medium that can include glucose, inorganic salts, water soluble vitamins, amino acids, recombinant proteins, growth factors, hormones, lipids, and antioxidants. In some proprietary blends, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) is used in the medium, but that requires a sample from a fetal bovine. So, some companies are now using techniques that are able to gather the needed growth factors using all plant-based sources, such as algae, fungi, and microorganisms.<\\/li>\\nThese cell colonies grow and form collections of tissue called a biomass. The biomass is often combined with an extracellular scaffolding (think watermelon structure, cellulose) to create a bulk tissue. This bulk form of biomass becomes a steak. Biomass can be combined with plant-based proteins to create hybrid products.<\\/li>\\nAfter this harvesting, products are packaged and distributed for consumption.<\\/li>\\n<\\/ol>\\n******* *\* What is revolutionary is that what we put on the dinner table did not require the sacrifice of an animal. Yet, we are eating meat in a form that readies us for nourishing new recipes.<\\/p>\\n *\* *******When restaurants compete for customers with attractive new recipes, the worldwide market will grow. Production will rise to scale. The gross number of animals worldwide will decrease. Prices will drop. Protein rich products will become increasingly available for low-income peoples. Indirectly, food justice goals will be approached.<\\/p>\\n \"\"<\\/a> Global Food Crisis & Food Justice<\\/figcaption><\\/figure>\\nThe Public Theologian Asks: \\u201cbut is it kosher?\\u201d<\\/strong><\\/h2>\\n It is time for the public theologian<\\/a> to inquire: how will those for whom dietary laws and practices are religiously based consider cultivated meats? (Peters, 2018)<\\/p>\\n In Part One of \\u201cTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat,\\u201d recall, we quoted Israel scientist Yaakov Nahmias of Believer Meats (formerly\\u00a0 Future Meat Technologies).<\\/a> Dr. Nahmias\\u00a0 makes his cultivated meat from fibroblasts rather than stem cell colonies.\\u00a0 Furthermore, it\\u2019s important to note that these fibroblasts are drawn from discarded tissue taken from an animal that was slaughtered in a kosher process (Heb. \\u05e9\\u05d7\\u05d9\\u05d8\\u05d4). They are not drawn from a living animal. This ensures that the meat produced would be both kosher and halal.<\\/a> The process of taking the cells only happens only once. No other contact with animals or their ingredients occurs during the manufacturing process of cultured meat.\\u00a0 Even if \\u201cno-kill\\u201d does not obtain here, kosher does. At least according to Nahmias.<\\/p>\\n Let\\u2019s raise the question\\u2013is cultivated meat kosher<\\/a>?\\u2013with our colleague at the GTU, Sam S.B. Shonkoff , Taube Family Assistant Professor of Jewish Studies.<\\/p>\\n \\n\\nIs cultivated meat kosher? What are the issues surrounding \\u201ckosher\\u201d that might be relevant to this question?<\\/span><\\/h3>\\n<\\/li>\\n<\\/ol>\\n**** \"\"<\\/a> Sam Shonkoff, Center for Jewish Studies,\\u00a0 Graduate Theological Union<\\/figcaption><\\/figure>\\n*********** *\* ***********\\u200bSam Shonkoff.<\\/em> There are various debates among scholars of Jewish law on the topic of kashrut and cultivated meat. In short, for meat to be kosher it must be (1) from a type of animal that is permitted to eat and (2) from an animal who was slaughtered according to Rabbinic laws. Some commentators would add that the living conditions of the animal and the human labor conditions surrounding the animal prior to slaughtering must also reflect Rabbinic laws and values. For cultivated meat to be kosher, it would still need to be from a permitted type of animal, especially since the cells were derived from the actual flesh of an animal (however minimally invasive or violent that process was). The question of how the animal was slaughtered is, of course, no longer relevant \[in the case of no-kill cultivated meat\]\\u2014and yet some commentators will raise questions about this very fact. For example, if Jewish law prescribes certain methods of slaughter, does a total lack of slaughter create ambiguous conditions for deeming whether or not the meat is definitively kosher?<\\/p>\\n \\n\\n What is your own position on cultivated meat? Would you eat a burger or roast from this source?<\\/span><\\/h3>\\n<\\/li>\\n<\\/ol>\\n************* *\* *************Sam Shonkoff.<\\/em> \\u200bI sure would! Personally, as a pescatarian, I do not eat any land animals due to ethical and environmental concerns. However, I would eat cultivated meat.<\\/p>\\n \\n\\nNow, what about cultivated pork?<\\/span><\\/h3>\\n<\\/li>\\n<\\/ol>\\n \"\" Is cultivated meat kosher?<\\/figcaption><\\/figure>\\n*************** *\* ***************Sam Shonkoff.<\\/em> \\u200bEven cultivated bacon would be unkosher insofar as its substance was derived at some point from the flesh of a pig. A more interesting and complicated question is whether, say, plant-based, \\u201cimitation\\u201d bacon would be kosher. On one hand, it should be OK because it is not actually pork. On the other hand, questions of appearance and room for error are not irrelevant. For example, according to Jewish law, one is not permitted to put cheese on chicken\\u2014not because that milk could have possibly come from the mother of that bird (!), but because a community member passing by might think mistakenly that the eater is violating laws of kashrut and\\/or the eater themself might mistakenly mix dairy and the wrong meat. This reflects a general trend in Rabbinic practice to \\u201cbuild a fence around the law.\\u201d<\\/p>\\n What\\u2019s Next?<\\/h2>\\n***************** *\* *****************We can see that an answer to our question\\u2013is cultivated meat kosher?\\u2013does not depend on whether or not the animal is slaughtered. Rather, it depends on which animal.<\\/p>\\n What\\u2019s next? We\\u2019ll ask Rita Sherma to tell us what Hindus and Jains might think<\\/a>. Then, we\\u2019ll ask Lincoln Cannon to tells us what Mormons<\\/a> might think. Get ready to click.<\\/p>\\n Here is an illuminating video from TED.<\\/p>\\n Which is better for you: real meat or fake meat?<\\/a><\\/p>\\n Authors<\\/strong><\\/p>\\n \"\"<\\/a>Brian Brozovic is a student at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and Ted Peters is an emeritus professor at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary in Berkeley, California, USA. Visit Professor Peters\\u2019 Patheos<\\/em> column on Public Theology: https:\\/\\/www.patheos.com\\/blogs\\/publictheology\\/<\\/a> .<\\/p>\\n References<\\/strong><\\/h3>\\n******************* *\* Ito, N. I. (2017). Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into skeletal muscle progenitor cells by transcription factors enriched in undifferentiated subpopulation of satellite cells. Sci Rep 7:8097<\\/em>, https:\\/\\/doi.org\\/10.1038\\/s41598-017-08232-2.<\\/p>\\n *\* Peters, T. (2018). Public Theology: Its Pastoral, Apologetic, Scientific, Politial, and Prophetic Tasks. International Journal of Public Theology 12:2<\\/em>, 153-177; https:\\/\\/brill.com\\/abstract\\/journals\\/ijpt\\/12\\/1\\/ijpt.12.issue-1.xml.<\\/p>\\n *\* Specht, E. D. (2018). Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochemical Engineering Journal 132<\\/em>, 161-168. doi.org\\/10.1016\\/j.bej.2018.01.015.<\\/p>\\n *\* Thompson, P. (2020). Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective, 3rd ed.<\\/em> Heidelberg: Springer.<\\/p>\\n *\* Wu, W. Y. (2017). Directly reprogramming fibroblasts into adipogenic, neurogenic and hepatogenic differentiation lineages by defined factors. Exp Ther Med 6<\\/em>, 2685-2690. . doi: 10.3892\\/etm.2017.4365. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28587331; PMCID: PMC5450766.<\\/p>\\n *\* \\u00a0<\\/p>\\n<\\/body><\\/html>\\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" *\* *******************Would cultivated meat be kosher? We ask Jewish Studies Professor Sam Shonkoff, who provides the conditions for cultivate meat to be kosher.<\\/p>\\n","protected":false},"author":4597,"featured\_media":0,"comment\_status":"closed","ping\_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":\[437,150,155,20,16,173,10,1\],"tags":\[1381,1405,1438,1444,1432,1435,1426,1429,1408,1441,1396\],"class\_list":\["post-22579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ethics","category-general-christian","category-jewish","category-public-theology","category-science-and-religion","category-spirituality","category-religious-exemption","category-uncategorized","tag-cultivated-meat","tag-food-justice","tag-future-meat-technologies","tag-global-food-crisis","tag-halal","tag-israel","tag-jew","tag-kosher","tag-pax-lumina","tag-sam-shonkoff","tag-slaughter"\],"yoast\_head":"\\nTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat. 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{"id":22579,"date":"2022-09-21T07:41:12","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T14:41:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/publictheology\/?p=22579"},"modified":"2023-08-31T08:18:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T15:18:51","slug":"to-eat-no-kill-cultivated-meat-part-two-kosher","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/publictheology\/2022\/09\/to-eat-no-kill-cultivated-meat-part-two-kosher\/","title":{"rendered":"To Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat. Part Two: Kosher?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

To Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat<\/em><\/h3>\nPart Two: Is no-kill cultivated meat kosher?<\/h2>\n An Interview with Sam Shonkoff<\/h3>\n Is cultivated meat kosher?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Is no-kill cultivated meat kosher?<\/p>\n In Part One of \u201cTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat,\u201d we announced the publication of the September 2022 issue of Pax Lumina<\/em><\/a>. The magazine theme? \u201cGlobal Food Crisis and Food Justice.\u201d Within this issue, we\u2013Brian Brosovic and Ted Peters\u2013placed our article, \u201cTo Meet Cultivated Meat.\u201d With the prospects of a new globe wide market for no-kill cultivated meat products, we could envision a scenario including a drastic reduction if not elimination of grazing pasture lands, methane gas pollution, and slaughter houses.\u00a0Here in Patheos<\/em>, we would like to extend that conversation by obtaining responses, especially religious responses. In this post we will ask our Berkeley colleague in Jewish Studies at the GTU, Sam Shonkoff: \u201cis cultivated meat kosher?\u201d<\/p>\n But first, what is the science? Genetic engineering provides the science of meat. Then, the technology of meat leads to production. Yet to be dealt with are the economics of meat and the ethics of meat.<\/p>\n Briefly, what is the science of no-kill cultivated meat?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n* Here is a very brief summary of the science of cultivated no-kill meat.<\/p>\n \nAnimal cells are sourced via a biopsy technique from either a live or recently slaughtered animal. These cells will be self-renewing in the laboratory setting. So, once an initial sample of cells is taken, there are no additional needs for a live animal. Different types of cells can be taken based on the overall needs and applications (meat, fat, connective tissue, specific organs, etc.) for those cells.<\/li>\nThose cells taken for self-replication are brought into a lab environment, where they are introduced to a growth medium to supply needed nutrients. The starter period of growth and replication begins. In this phase, the cells are \u201cretrained\u201d and \u201creprogrammed\u201d using gene editing techniques to produce the exact type of cells desired.(Ito, 2017) (Wu, 2017) As we saw in Part One, at least one company in Israel uses fibroblasts rather than embryonic stem cells.<\/li>\nAn initial collection of starter cells is introduced to a bioreactor to continue growth in a highly controlled environment (time, temp, oxygen levels, pH, etc.). They are carefully nourished with a proprietary growth medium that can include glucose, inorganic salts, water soluble vitamins, amino acids, recombinant proteins, growth factors, hormones, lipids, and antioxidants. In some proprietary blends, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) is used in the medium, but that requires a sample from a fetal bovine. So, some companies are now using techniques that are able to gather the needed growth factors using all plant-based sources, such as algae, fungi, and microorganisms.<\/li>\nThese cell colonies grow and form collections of tissue called a biomass. The biomass is often combined with an extracellular scaffolding (think watermelon structure, cellulose) to create a bulk tissue. This bulk form of biomass becomes a steak. Biomass can be combined with plant-based proteins to create hybrid products.<\/li>\nAfter this harvesting, products are packaged and distributed for consumption.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n What is revolutionary is that what we put on the dinner table did not require the sacrifice of an animal. Yet, we are eating meat in a form that readies us for nourishing new recipes.<\/p>\n *When restaurants compete for customers with attractive new recipes, the worldwide market will grow. Production will rise to scale. The gross number of animals worldwide will decrease. Prices will drop. Protein rich products will become increasingly available for low-income peoples. Indirectly, food justice goals will be approached.<\/p>\n <\/a> Global Food Crisis & Food Justice<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe Public Theologian Asks: \u201cbut is it kosher?\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n It is time for the public theologian<\/a> to inquire: how will those for whom dietary laws and practices are religiously based consider cultivated meats? (Peters, 2018)<\/p>\n In Part One of \u201cTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat,\u201d recall, we quoted Israel scientist Yaakov Nahmias of Believer Meats (formerly\u00a0 Future Meat Technologies).<\/a> Dr. Nahmias\u00a0 makes his cultivated meat from fibroblasts rather than stem cell colonies.\u00a0 Furthermore, it\u2019s important to note that these fibroblasts are drawn from discarded tissue taken from an animal that was slaughtered in a kosher process (Heb. \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4). They are not drawn from a living animal. This ensures that the meat produced would be both kosher and halal.<\/a> The process of taking the cells only happens only once. No other contact with animals or their ingredients occurs during the manufacturing process of cultured meat.\u00a0 Even if \u201cno-kill\u201d does not obtain here, kosher does. At least according to Nahmias.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s raise the question\u2013is cultivated meat kosher<\/a>?\u2013with our colleague at the GTU, Sam S.B. Shonkoff , Taube Family Assistant Professor of Jewish Studies.<\/p>\n \n\nIs cultivated meat kosher? What are the issues surrounding \u201ckosher\u201d that might be relevant to this question?<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n <\/a> Sam Shonkoff, Center for Jewish Studies,\u00a0 Graduate Theological Union<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n*** \u200bSam Shonkoff.<\/em> There are various debates among scholars of Jewish law on the topic of kashrut and cultivated meat. In short, for meat to be kosher it must be (1) from a type of animal that is permitted to eat and (2) from an animal who was slaughtered according to Rabbinic laws. Some commentators would add that the living conditions of the animal and the human labor conditions surrounding the animal prior to slaughtering must also reflect Rabbinic laws and values. For cultivated meat to be kosher, it would still need to be from a permitted type of animal, especially since the cells were derived from the actual flesh of an animal (however minimally invasive or violent that process was). The question of how the animal was slaughtered is, of course, no longer relevant [in the case of no-kill cultivated meat]\u2014and yet some commentators will raise questions about this very fact. For example, if Jewish law prescribes certain methods of slaughter, does a total lack of slaughter create ambiguous conditions for deeming whether or not the meat is definitively kosher?<\/p>\n \n\n What is your own position on cultivated meat? Would you eat a burger or roast from this source?<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n Sam Shonkoff.<\/em> \u200bI sure would! Personally, as a pescatarian, I do not eat any land animals due to ethical and environmental concerns. However, I would eat cultivated meat.<\/p>\n \n\nNow, what about cultivated pork?<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n Is cultivated meat kosher?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n ***Sam Shonkoff.<\/em> \u200bEven cultivated bacon would be unkosher insofar as its substance was derived at some point from the flesh of a pig. A more interesting and complicated question is whether, say, plant-based, \u201cimitation\u201d bacon would be kosher. On one hand, it should be OK because it is not actually pork. On the other hand, questions of appearance and room for error are not irrelevant. For example, according to Jewish law, one is not permitted to put cheese on chicken\u2014not because that milk could have possibly come from the mother of that bird (!), but because a community member passing by might think mistakenly that the eater is violating laws of kashrut and\/or the eater themself might mistakenly mix dairy and the wrong meat. This reflects a general trend in Rabbinic practice to \u201cbuild a fence around the law.\u201d<\/p>\n What\u2019s Next?<\/h2>\n* We can see that an answer to our question\u2013is cultivated meat kosher?\u2013does not depend on whether or not the animal is slaughtered. Rather, it depends on which animal.<\/p>\n What\u2019s next? We\u2019ll ask Rita Sherma to tell us what Hindus and Jains might think<\/a>. Then, we\u2019ll ask Lincoln Cannon to tells us what Mormons<\/a> might think. Get ready to click.<\/p>\n Here is an illuminating video from TED.<\/p>\n Which is better for you: real meat or fake meat?<\/a><\/p>\n Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/a>Brian Brozovic is a student at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and Ted Peters is an emeritus professor at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary in Berkeley, California, USA. Visit Professor Peters\u2019 Patheos<\/em> column on Public Theology: https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/publictheology\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n References<\/strong><\/h3>\n Ito, N. I. (2017). Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into skeletal muscle progenitor cells by transcription factors enriched in undifferentiated subpopulation of satellite cells. Sci Rep 7:8097<\/em>, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08232-2.<\/p>\n Peters, T. (2018). Public Theology: Its Pastoral, Apologetic, Scientific, Politial, and Prophetic Tasks. International Journal of Public Theology 12:2<\/em>, 153-177; https:\/\/brill.com\/abstract\/journals\/ijpt\/12\/1\/ijpt.12.issue-1.xml.<\/p>\n Specht, E. D. (2018). Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochemical Engineering Journal 132<\/em>, 161-168. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bej.2018.01.015.<\/p>\n Thompson, P. (2020). Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective, 3rd ed.<\/em> Heidelberg: Springer.<\/p>\n Wu, W. Y. (2017). Directly reprogramming fibroblasts into adipogenic, neurogenic and hepatogenic differentiation lineages by defined factors. Exp Ther Med 6<\/em>, 2685-2690. . doi: 10.3892\/etm.2017.4365. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28587331; PMCID: PMC5450766.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" *************Would cultivated meat be kosher? We ask Jewish Studies Professor Sam Shonkoff, who provides the conditions for cultivate meat to be kosher.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4597,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[437,150,155,20,16,173,10,1],"tags":[1381,1405,1438,1444,1432,1435,1426,1429,1408,1441,1396],"class_list":["post-22579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ethics","category-general-christian","category-jewish","category-public-theology","category-science-and-religion","category-spirituality","category-religious-exemption","category-uncategorized","tag-cultivated-meat","tag-food-justice","tag-future-meat-technologies","tag-global-food-crisis","tag-halal","tag-israel","tag-jew","tag-kosher","tag-pax-lumina","tag-sam-shonkoff","tag-slaughter"],"yoast_head":"\nTo Eat No-Kill Cultivated Meat. 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