{"id":9549,"date":"2024-06-23T16:31:24","date_gmt":"2024-06-23T20:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/marginalia\/?p=9549"},"modified":"2024-06-23T16:32:53","modified_gmt":"2024-06-23T20:32:53","slug":"legends-of-ascension","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/marginalia\/2024\/06\/legends-of-ascension\/","title":{"rendered":"Legends Of Ascension"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

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Last year I wrote a piece titles \u201cWhere The Sandstone Yawns<\/a>,\u201d about the mysterious happenings of Custer\u2019s Black Hills Expedition. One of the main \u201ccharacters\u201d of the (non-fiction) story was William Ludlow. This same William Ludlow that served as the basis for Jim Harrison\u2019s fictional character of the same name in Legends Of The Fall<\/em>. This, then, is a conclusion to Ludlow\u2019s story, which , I think, is heroic and fascinating as fiction\u2014Shawn.<\/p>\n

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William Ludlow was stationed at 1125 Girard Street in Philadelphia in the early 1880s to assist the river and harbor improvement projects. Ludlow\u2019s thorough study of the district\u2019s needs enabled comprehensive projects for the improvement of all the navigable waterways.[1]<\/sup><\/a> It was not so long after his expedition into the Black Hills. Ludlow would have talks with the leading scientific authorities. It was around this time that Ludlow showed interest in Theosophy. (Blavatsky herself once resided at 1111 Girard Street when she lived in America.)[2]<\/sup><\/a> Ludlow discussed Zoellner\u2019s \u201cTranscendental Physics\u201d and the writings of Blavatsky with his friend, Major Otto E. Michaelis (an authority on practical chemistry and electricity, and a prominent member of the Engineers\u2019 Club of New York City.)[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 For Ludlow, Theosophy explained (among other things,)\u00a0\u201cthe history and nature of extinct civilizations and races unknown save by their relics, and the causes of their extinction: the unequal development of existing civilizations.\u201d[4]<\/sup><\/a> Given his experience in the Black Hills, this must have weighed on his mind.<\/p>\n

After the Civil War, J.P. Morgan\u2019s Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), was eager to develop international trade using the Port of Philadelphia. Raw exports ( petrol, grain, and iron,) were found in excess in Pennsylvania, but there was no reliable steamship transportation to facilitate trade. Griscom, with the support of the PRR and Rockefeller\u2019s Standard Oil Company, urged Philadelphia commercial interests to support mercantile development. In 1871 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to\u00a0 Griscom for the creation of the International Navigation Company (INC.) The primary financial backer, the PRR, would provide free wharfage and amenities. In 1872, Griscom and representatives of the PRR held a conference which resolved to establish a steamship line from Philadelphia to continental Europe. Antwerp was chosen as the European terminus\u2014a once bustling port, by the 1870s excessive silting had prevented any steamer from accessing the harbor. With new dredging technology designed by engineers like Ludlow, a solution had presented itself. The decade of 1873-1883 brought many advances for the INC. The sizes of their ships doubled, and the number of their passengers increased tenfold. Consolidated transatlantic and transcontinental services provided by the INC and the PRR proved popular with European immigrants, for a single ticket could carry a passenger from Central Europe to Chicago.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

In Philadelphia, Ludlow quickly earned a reputation for his integrity.[6]<\/sup><\/a> His work cleaning the Schuylkill River was particularly lauded.[7]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe field of micro-biology in connection with water supply is as yet hardly entered upon,\u201d said Ludlow, \u201cbut its application cannot fail to prove of the very highest value and furnish indications beyond the possibilities of other methods.\u201d[8]<\/sup><\/a> But he was still a soldier. In August 1885, he was a part of President Grant\u2019s funeral procession in New York as part of General Hancock\u2019s First Division.[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

The effect of Ludlow\u2019s work soon became known to the citizens of Philadelphia, and he worked with and among the \u201chonored names of the modern \u2018knights of industry.\u2019\u201d[10]<\/sup><\/a> Ludlow even took his daughter Genevieve (Acton\u2019s mother) with him \u201cto visit his friend J.P. Morgan.\u201d (A fond memory that Genevieve would never forget.)[11]<\/sup><\/a> Ludlow, being a fixture of Philadelphia high society, attended \u201cnotable receptions\u201d with men such as Morgan and Griscom\u2014the latter\u2019s son, also named Clement, was being groomed for business at the University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Wharton School of Finance.[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cClem,\u201d as he was known, was a young athletic man who, incidentally, developed an interest in Theosophy around the same time as Ludlow. Ludlow took a liking to Clem, and so did his daughter. In November 1888 Genevieve and Clem were engaged.[13]<\/sup><\/a> Ludlow, meanwhile, was sent to Michigan as Chief Engineer of the Fourth Lighthouse District.[14]<\/a> He returned to New York the following year for his daughter\u2019s wedding. Genevieve looked charming in a white silk robe, which was almost entirely covered with a rich veil of old point lace, and caught with a single spray of orange blossoms. Col. Ludlow, who wore full regimentals, gave his daughter away. Rev. E.H.C. Goodwin, chaplain of Governor\u2019s Island, performed the ceremony. The guests were mostly from Philadelphia, where Clem\u2019s family resided. There were also a fair number of soldiers from Governor\u2019s Island. The most famous guest, however, was undoubtedly General William Tecumseh Sherman. After the wedding, an elaborate breakfast was served to 60 guests in the banquet hall of The Brunswick.[15]<\/sup><\/a> It was probably at this time when Ludlow met W.Q. Judge, President of the New York Branch of the Theosophical Society, and General Secretary of the American Section. Judge was like a \u201csubmerged continent, revealing its lofty peaks as but islands jutting from the surface of the sea,\u201d Ludlow would say. \u201cBut in the perspective of time, the sea subsides, and we see the height of those towering mountain ranges of attainment, the far expanse and fertile planes of his human sympathy. We need distance to see mountains; we can delimit continents only on a world-wide map.\u201d[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Weeks after their marriage, both Ludlow and Genevieve joined Clem in the Theosophical Society.[17]<\/sup><\/a> (Ludlow\u2019s sister, Louise Nicoll Ludlow, would join in 1891.)[18]<\/a> Beginning in December 1891, Ludlow would pen a series of articles on Theosophical cosmology for The Detroit Free Press<\/em>.[19]<\/a> (The series ran through January 1892.) In the summer of 1892, Ludlow was relieved from duty, as he went outside the chain of command when making improvements on lighthouse safety.[20]<\/a> Upon investigation, it was found that Ludlow acted in the right, as there was evidently something going on behind the scenes. In March 1893 he was re-instated.[21]<\/a> At the end of that year he was made part of the military attach\u00e9 for Thomas Bayard, America\u2019s first Ambassador, who was sent to London in 1893. In December 1893, Ludlow left Detroit for New York.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

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(Left) Genevieve Sprigg Ludlow.[23]<\/a> (Right) Queen Victoria c. 1893.<\/p>\n

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On January 3, 1894, Ludlow departed for London on Griscom\u2019s City Of New York<\/em> on her first launch from the INC\u2019s new pier at the foot of Fulton Street.[24]<\/a> At the American legation there was Thomas Bayard, America\u2019s first Ambassador (who had recently accepted the post in 1893.) His private secretary was Lloyd C. Griscom, Clem\u2019s brother, and an in-law of Ludlow\u2019s. There was also James \u201cRosy\u201d Roosevelt, who succeeded Henry White as Secretary of the Embassy in London in late October 1893. He was the cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, and older half-brother of Franklin D. Roosevelt. His post was a source of commotion in the American colony in London, as it was claimed that he received his post after a $10,000 dollar donation to the Cleveland campaign.[25]<\/a> Not long after his arrival in London. tragedy struck. James\u2019s wife, Helen Schermerhorn Roosevelt (the daughter of the late William Astor) died on November 12, 1893.[26]<\/a> His cousin, Anna Roosevelt (Theodore\u2019s older sister,) came over to help take care of James\u2019s half-grown children, and to act as his hostess.[27]<\/a> Both Anna Roosevelt and Ludlow\u2019s wife, Evie Ludlow, were presented to Queen Victoria on the same day, February 27, 1894.[28]<\/a> (This did not mean there was not a healthy display of competition, Bayard, Ludlow, and Roosevelt were among the committee responsible for overseeing the \u201cfriendly\u201d cricket match in July 1894.)[29]<\/a> One of the more notable events among the Legations at this time was happened at the end of the year. On November 6, 1894, Ludlow and the American Legation attended the Memorial Service of Tsar Alexander III, along with the Duke of Connaught and other Diplomats. Reverend Eugene Smirnov , Blavatsky\u2019s friend, performed the rites.[30]<\/a> While touring Europe, Ludlow made the following observation regarding the potentiality of war:<\/p>\n

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The nineteenth century has been one of unprecedented intellectual and material development, and its close marks the highest level thus far attained by mankind in physical and mental domination. Its most striking phase, perhaps, is the remarkable condition of military preparation in which stand the ruling nations of the world. Europe, which represents the epitome of modern civilization, is practically an armed camp, and its several hosts stand silent in readiness for the trumpet call, with nerve and sinew strained to meet the shock of international conflict.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

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From May until July 1895 he was in Nicaragua, to report on the feasibility of a Nicaragua Canal.[32]<\/a> \u201cChimera are long lived, and their pursuit will continue to be a fruitful source of discovery while man has ideals and the will to realize them,\u201d Ludlow writes. \u201cThe dream of a direct westward passage for ships from Europe to Asia led Columbus, four centuries ago, to the shores of a new continent, and the problem still engages the interest and attention of the world.\u201d[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

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St. George, Staten Island.<\/p>\n

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He returned to New York in April 1896, not long after the death of William Quan Judge, and the reformation of the American Theosophical Society. Stationed at the Lighthouse Depot in Staten Island, Ludlow created the borough\u2019s first Theosophical Society Branch, the St. George T.S., of which he was President.[34]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cHe had scoured Staten Island on a bicycle, when he had his headquarters there, to find and gather together scattered students of Theosophy, who could meet as a Branch, in his home on Thursday evenings.\u201d[35]<\/sup><\/a> One member would later recall:<\/p>\n

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I knew the General and had some experience with another set of his \u201cprecepts\u201d\u2014those he had laid down for the engineers in his drafting room. When I first went there I saw a num\u00adber of signs on the walls, reminding me of the mottoes that used to be worked in worsted, and which one still sees, occasionally, in old-fashioned rooms in the country; only these were lettered on boards. They struck me as rather quaint, in an army post. Over my own table the legend read, \u201cA Place for Everything, and Everything in its Place\u201d a copy-book maxim, if there ever was one. It did not seem a particularly novel sentiment, until, a day or two after I had started work, I found the General beside me, asking me what I thought it meant and why it had been put there. I did not tell him\u2014as I would have anyone else, had I told the truth\u2014that I had thought it a blend between a pious hope, and a counsel of perfection. I do not think I told him anything at all. But I can remember still how hot my face felt, as I started. [Ludlow] was not concerned with phrases, but with facts. A principle, for him, was not a theory nor an abstraction; it was a compelling law of action. If a thing was the right thing to be done, it was to be done. That was all there was to it. And I believe it was in large measure the very simplicity of his attitude here, which made him the leader that he was. It was as though the com\u00adpleteness of obedience which he himself rendered to his principles, so filled and flooded his will with them, that when that will was directed toward you, you felt it as a kind of cosmic force\u2014a compulsion of necessity, which it never occurred to you could be resisted or denied. Something like this must, I think, be the secret of all true leadership, all real command. Its power must be gained by obedience. It cannot originate in the commander, but can only be transmitted by him, its authority and compulsion descending through him from a higher source. [36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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A war with Spain seemed inevitable. News from General Calixto Garcia, commander of the patriot forces in Eastern Cuba, sent letters to America petitioning for help. General Jose Maceo, of the First Army Corps, was killed July 5th in an encounter at Lama del Gate. This engagement was a bloody one. The patriots occupied a very strong position on Gato Hill, and were attacked by the Spaniards under General Vara del Rey. After the long engagement of more than eight hours, however, and the Spaniards were compelled to retreat.[37]<\/sup><\/a> As the weeks went on, the stories from Cuba told of a resistance force who were still in the fight, but needed American assistance. In Havana the column of General Vara Del Rey, 2,000 men strong, was defeated and dispersed by the Cuban resistance under General Calixto Garcia. More than 1,000 Spaniards were left dead on the Estate Costomido<\/em>; the remaining part of the column entered Manzanillo in disarray. The battle turned against the Spaniards when General Del Rey tried to cross the River Buey en route<\/em> to Manzanillo. Ambushed, the Spaniards faced heavy fire from Cuban rifles and cannons. During the resultant confusion, they were unable to reply to the volleys of their foes. Vara Del Rey only escaped capture when a young Spanish captain by the name of Quintero, along with a hundred men, staved off Garcia\u2019s cavalry attack.[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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(Left.) Diamond Jubilee. (Right) William Ludlow\u2019s copy of The Secret Doctrine<\/em> at Harvard Library.<\/p>\n

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That summer Colonel Ludlow returned to London, where he represented the Americans in the parade of military attach\u00e9s during Queen Victoria\u2019s Jubilee.[39]<\/sup><\/a> (The annotation in Ludlow\u2019s copy of The<\/em> Secret Doctrine<\/em> suggest he was reading that book at the time.) When he returned to the United States, fissures in the Theosophical Society were beginning to show. By February of 1898 the Society would split. Clem would lead a faction that was based in New York, and Ludlow would be among the Executive Committee. His presence, however, would be minimal. On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine<\/em> exploded in Havana Harbor. \u00a0\u201cThe people of New York and Brooklyn, need lose no sleep through fear of any danger from warships,\u201d said Colonel Ludlow. \u201cThe land fortifications around New York, without taking into consideration our navy would be ample protection against any fleet that might be sent against us.\u201d[40]<\/sup><\/a> On March 27, President William McKinley demanded that Spain give up Cuba, and concede Cuban independence. Spain did not like this idea, and instead declared war on the United States. The following day, the United States declared war on Spain, and prepared its navy for a fight in Cuba and the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, Admiral George Dewey won a decisive victory against the Spanish Fleet at the Battle of Manilla. The next battle would be in Cuba, in July 1898. Ludlow, who was made a General, would lead a made General Ludlow, and would lead a Brigade to capture San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt, leading his own \u201cRough Riders,\u201d would also join the fight.<\/p>\n

~<\/h2>\n***
** General Calixto Garcia stood on a hillside overlooking the sea at midday on June 22nd 1898. A smile appeared, though hidden beneath his coarse mustache, when he saw the curl of black smoke on the horizon. \u201cLos Americanos finalmente han llegado,\u201d thought Garcia, with a feeling of relief. Before him, stretching eight miles across Santiago Bay, was a single-file parade of ships, the American invasion fleet. Packed on the decks of the troopships were cheering soldiers who waved their hats and flags. Admiral Sampson, steaming past the Spanish forts, boomed a salute from the guns of his flagship, the New York<\/em>, and circled out to sea to drop anchor.<\/p>\n
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(Left) Going ashore at Aserraderos<\/em>.[41]<\/sup><\/a> (Right) \u201cGeneral Ludlow and General Garcia.\u201d[42]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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General Garcia\u2019s rebel army began to cheer in their hidden mountain encampment. For three years they had been fighting a guerrilla-war of independence against the Spaniards. They were malnourished, poorly-clothed, blistered, and battle-hardened. Assistance from their Yankee brothers was very much welcomed. The Americans on board General Shafter\u2019s headquarter-ship, Seguranca<\/em>, steamed to Aserraderos<\/em> and anchored in a nearby cove. Admiral Sampson, General Shaffer, and General Ludlow, accompanied by a guard of soldiers, made their way to the Cuban shore on board a few small boats. General Garcia and his guard greeted the American officers at the beach with all military honors; horses were given to the American officers who were escorted up a steep trail which led to General Garcia\u2019s headquarters\u2014a shabby hut, covered with leaves. \u00a0For several hours the Cuban commander explained his plans to the Americans. General Garcia had trapped the Spanish General, Luis Manuel de Pando, in Manzanillo effectively severing any communication with the other Spanish forces stationed in Santiago. General Garcia then placed a map before the Americans which revealed all the mountain trails leading to Santiago from the most convenient landing spots of Cuban harbors. Ludlow studied the map with great interest. \u00a0\u201cGeneral Garcia,\u201d said General Ludlow, \u201cI will need all the information available regarding the most feasible plans for transporting a large body of troops overland.\u201d[43]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

On the afternoon of June 30th, the Spaniards noticed a balloon ascending about a quarter of an hour. After its descent they saw the enemy pick up their tents and move their camp, but as the night fell, they were unable to locate their new position, though they guessed it pretty accurately.[44]<\/sup><\/a> The Spanish requested reinforcements, but reinforcements never came. The 514 men under General Vara del Rey\u2019s command, 67 regulars armed with Mausers and 47 guerrillas with Remington rifles, were the only troops left to defend El Caney.[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Generals Garcia, Lawton, Ludlow, and Chaffee inspecting the lines at El Caney.[46]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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At 6.35 a. m. Captain Capron, on a hill 2,375 yards from the stone fort, opened the attack with a shell fired at a body of Spaniards who were falling back to the trenches. Another shot went through the roof of the stone fort. The infantry was then distributed. Chaffee\u2019s brigade (the Seventh, Twelfth, and Seventeenth Regiments) advanced on El Caney from the east. Colonel Miles\u2019s brigade (the First, Fourth and Twenty-fifth Regiments) attacked from the south. Genera; Ludlow\u2019s brigade (the Second Massachusetts\u00a0 Volunteers, and the Eighth, and Twenty-second Regulars,) was sent around to make an approach from the southwest.<\/p>\n

General Chaffee rode up and down behind his firing line encouraging his men. \u201cNow, boys, do something for your country today,\u201d he frequently said. Chaffee did not think the Spaniards would hold out very long. \u00a0General Ludlow\u2019s men made slow but steady progress through a tract of woods, running from bush to bush and shooting at a Spaniard whenever they saw one. The Second Massachusetts Volunteers behaved splendidly, exposing themselves freely, and displaying fine marksmanship. Miles\u2019 brigade made up a good deal of ground to get well into the fight, but it came up in time to take its share of the assault when the Second Massachusetts and the Twenty-second Regulars were lying in the road for a breathing spell. The Fourth and Twenty-fifth of Miles\u2019 brigade were fairly fresh, and they moved up on the blockhouse northwest of the town.[47]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

A faint blue haze curled up from the summit of the hill just below the blockhouse.[48]<\/sup><\/a> There was a sputtering of rifles near Chaffee\u2019s brigade as it moved toward the Santiago road. To the left, where Ludlow was, the sputtering was more fierce. There was a continuous, nervous ripple of discharges, extending across the entire front of their line. The Twelfth and Twenty-fifth were almost deprived of their officers by snipers in the rush. The Second Massachusetts struggled into the line of assault, and Lieutenant Field was instantly killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Patterson of the Twenty second was badly wounded, and had to be sent to the rear\u2014but there was no wavering among his men.<\/p>\n

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A Blockhouse and defense line at El Caney.[49]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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General Ludlow, with his white sailor cap firmly on the back of his head, galloped his horse to the front.\u00a0 His horse was killed under him. \u201cC\u2019mon boys!\u201d he shouted, scrambling to his feet. He pushed forward on foot, gloriously swinging his little hat in his hand, while continuing to beckon his men to follow.[50]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cThe buggers are hidden behind rocks, in weeds, in the underbrush,\u201d one of Ludlow\u2019s men lamented. \u201cWe can\u2019t see them, and they are shooting us to pieces.\u201d<\/p>\n

With nothing to protect them from the deluge of Spanish bullets raining down on them from the fort on El Caney, Ludlow\u2019s men scrambled for cover. They were forced to burrow into the soil, or crouch behind trees.[51]<\/sup><\/a> Sixty light\u2013blue-clad men stood in a trench with a line bent in the middle at right angles by the square turning of the ditch. At the bend of the line, some blue-jacketed young officer would stand, exposed to the belt, or feet, rising at the word of his officer\u2019s command. This went on for hours and hours, delivering volley after volley full in their faces.[52]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cLook for the flower to bloom in the silence that follows the storm,\u201d came General Ludlow\u2019s reassuring voice, \u201cnot till then.\u201d He was sitting on the parapet of the trenches, under fire, with a copy of Light on the Path<\/em>.[53]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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It shall grow, it will shoot up, it will make branches and leaves and form buds, while the storm continues, while the battle lasts. But not till the whole personality of the man is dissolved and melted\u2014not until it is held by the divine fragment which has created it, as a mere subject for grave experiment and experience\u2014not until the whole nature has yielded and become subject unto its higher Self, can the bloom open.<\/em>[54]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Meanwhile the battle went forward. The Spaniards were close within their fort and blockhouses; American brigades kept under cover. The valley was empty of life. Toward high noon, in the heat of the day, something the unexpected happened. The fire slackened and ceased. It was time for lunch. For two hours \u201cthe fight waited on the camp-fire.\u201d[55]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

During this lull General Lawton summoned Major G. Creighton Webb, the inspector-general of his staff, to find, and deliver, important instructions to General Ludlow.[56]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Webb did his work well\u2014during the siege his duties led him, and a guard of five troopers under his command, several times into the \u201cjaws of hell.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t go down there, sir\u201d shouted a doughboy. \u201cYou\u2019ll be killed,\u201d his voice strobing through the mechanized carnage. \u201cGeneral Ludlow is back there!\u201d he continued, pointing in the opposite direction.<\/p>\n

Webb turned around, and galloped his horse through the narrow lane besieged by a tempest of bullets.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere is General Ludlow?\u201d Webb asked another soldier.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeneral Ludlow\u2014\u201d he said, before a bullet pierced his forehead.<\/p>\n

After hours of searching, Webb had yet to find General Ludlow.<\/p>\n

\u201cColonel,\u201d said Webb, as he approached an old officer in the hem of the field, \u201cI\u2019ve been looking for General Ludlow for two hours, and can\u2019t find him. I\u2019ve got five troopers here. I\u2019m not married myself, and of course I don\u2019t care for myself, but they\u2019re all married men, and I\u2019ve got to think of them. I don\u2019t want to risk their lives any more. Now, I\u2019m a tenderfoot, and I ask you frankly what ought I to do?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t you report to your superior officer,\u201d the Colonel said, \u201cuntil you have found General Ludlow!\u201d<\/p>\n

That was enough for Webb. Once out of earshot from the Colonel, he gathered his men around him.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cYou needn\u2019t come,\u201d he said, with frankness and sincerity,\u00a0 \u201cNot one of you.\u201d<\/p>\n

Every man came.<\/p>\n

As Webb reached the front of the line he heard the familiar click of the Mauser cocking-piece. There, fifty yards in front of them, was a Spanish picket-post with their guns leveled and aiming at him. Webb pressed his body close to his horse, kicked into gallop, and just narrowly avoided the bullets which whistled by. He stopped when the coast was clear.<\/p>\n

\u201cWebb,\u201d cried a\u00a0 voice call from the woods, \u201cWebb, my boy, this way!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStoop, sir; stoop,\u201d said a young soldier. As soon as Webb crouched lower, the young soldier took a bullet to his breast.<\/p>\n

\u201cHere you are!\u201d called General Ludlow. He was standing straight and proud, with shoulders squared. Webb, never having felt so humble, approximated General Ludlow\u2019s stature by straightening his back.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeneral Ludlow,\u201d said Webb \u201cI have a message from General Lawton.\u201d<\/p>\n

Webb glanced uneasily at the fallen soldier, and as General Ludlow read Lawton\u2019s message, he took his leave and started off again. He was only about fifty yards out when General Ludlow called him back to the \u201cdeath hole\u201d of a trench.<\/p>\n

Once more Webb left, and once more the General called him back again.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeneral,\u201d Webb exasperated, \u201cfor God\u2019s sake, don\u2019t call me back any more.\u201d<\/p>\n

General Ludlow looked back at Webb and broke into laughter.[57]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

A change of plan was called for. At 4:30 p.m. General Ludlow moved one of his regiments about three hundred yards farther to the southwest. This would serve as a blocking force.[58]<\/sup><\/a> As the Spaniards endeavored to retreat along the Santiago road, Ludlow\u2019s position enabled him to do very effective work, practically cutting the Spaniards off all the retreat in that direction.[59]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

~<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00bfC\u00f3mo se siente?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cComo una picadura de mosquito,\u201d said General Del Rey.[60]<\/sup><\/a> He looked in wonder at the American soldiers \u201cwho fought like lions, and fell like men courting a wholesale massacre.\u201d These Yankee soldiers, stripped to the waist, and offering their naked breast, could have avoided death if they only kept to their firing without storming the trenches. The Spaniards mowed them down by the hundreds, yet they refused to fall back even an inch. As one soldier fell, another would take his place \u201cwith grim determination and unflinching devotion to duty in every line of his face.\u201d Their stock ammunition was dwindling fast, they were losing men rapidly, and fighting the battle of despair. The inevitable stared the Spaniards in the face. General Del Rey stood\u00a0 in the square opposite the church when word was brought him that the last round had been served to the men. He at once gave the order to retreat crying to his men \u2018Salvese quien pueda!\u2019 He hardly had given the order before he fell\u2014shot through both legs. One of his aides, Lieutenant Joaquin Dominguez, turned to the general as he fell, exclaiming: General, (Que Matanza!) what a slaughter! A bullet took the top clean off his skull, killing him in one shot. In the meantime, four men placed General del Rey on a stretcher and carried him to a place of safety.[61]<\/sup><\/a> As they passed from the slaughter-house at Caney, and commenced their retreat down the long white road, the whole line arose, and poured into them a fire through which it seemed impossible to survive. As the General Del Rey lay dying in the road, an American soldier went over to him and gave him a tin cupful of soldier coffee. \u201cSe lo agradezco,\u201d whispered the courtly, white-haired General. Before breathing his last on a hill so far from home, he presented the American with the sword he was wearing when he fell.[62]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

~<\/p>\n

When Capron\u2019s battery came along, the bugles began to call. At five in the afternoon Ludlow\u2019s brigade moved off in the battery\u2019s wake. A dozen of his men scattered out in an irregular line in the grain-field, moving across it by degrees, stopping now and then to fire. Reporters who saw them from a distance felt their blood galloping through their veins and draw their breath more quickly. The battery held its fire now; the Americans were closing in on the enemy. The end was beginning. The lines which had been inching toward El Caney all day, and suddenly began to concentrate. The soldiers around the battery surged forward to the crest of the sugar-loaf hill, swarming over cannon and caisson toward the battered, shrapnel-shattered blockhouse. They weren\u2019t cheering (though it sounded like it.) No. They were yelling inarticulately some \u201cprimitive bellow of exultation.\u201d It was \u201can echo of the stone age!\u201d[63]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

~<\/p>\n

The battle was over. The Americans won. That evening General Ludlow surveyed the gruesome aftermath of war. Broken and dead bodies, rubble, barbed wire, blood, and weaponry. The last time he had seen such carnage was with Gen. Sherman, when he was just a boy. It was then when one of his men presented Ludlow with General Del Ray\u2019s sword, and took him to the body. In this muddy palette of\u00a0 tropical war, the Spanish general\u2019s golden-spurs made a striking contrast. A feeling of respect filled the General as he approached the body. General Del Rey died a good death. \u00a0It was a soldier\u2019s death. His family would be proud of him. His nation would be proud of him. With an almost melancholic reflection, Ludlow knelt by the side of this man who shared the very same grueling\u00a0 battle. The only difference was perspective. There was honor in that. Removing the golden spurs from the boots of General Del Rey was a study in meditation as Ludlow contemplated his own mortality. Who would possess his sword when he left this realm for Devachan? One thing was known. General Del Rey\u2019s sword and spurs belonged with his family in Spain. When Santiago fell a few days later, and Spain finally surrendered, Del Rey\u2019s possessions were handed over to the Spanish General Toral. \u201cThank you,\u201d General Toral gently uttered, with tears in his eyes.[64]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

~<\/p>\n

Though Cuba was in American hand, the battle with disease and hunger was an ongoing fight. In the days after the fall of Santiago, Ludlow and Colonel Roosevelt paid a visit to Clara Barton, who was distributing aid on behalf of the Red Cross. They found her being interviewed by a reporter.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou remember a caller at Constantinople?\u201d the reporter asked her.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, yes, perfectly. Are we in the same world, or was that a state of existence prior to this? Let me see, we had the Sultan then to talk about, and the Armenians, the Red Cross, the American Ambassador, the Grecian question. It was not this world, it was distinctly another existence.\u201d<\/p>\n

The sweet old lady smiled when she remembered the minarets of \u201cold Stamboul,\u201d the Sweet Waters of Asia, and the misty life in the grand capital of the Ottomans.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor God\u2019s sake Miss Barton,\u201d pleaded Colonel Roosevelt, \u201cdon\u2019t send me back to my men without some food and delicacies. A hundred and twenty-one out of four hundred and thirty are sick, and more will be sick.\u201d<\/p>\n

Barton placed her tiny, wrinkled hand on the Roosevelt\u2019s shoulder.<\/p>\n

\u201cNever fear Mr. Roosevelt, we can help you some. Would six hundred pounds of cornmeal, and say, two hundred pounds of rice with malted milk and condensed milk do for the present?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBy George!\u201d shouted Roosevelt, like an excited schoolboy. \u201cYou are fine, Miss Barton.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhatever you like, Miss Barton, I throw myself entirely on your mercy,\u201d said Ludlow. \u201cMy men are sick and dying! A little will help. What you please.\u201d<\/p>\n

His bronzed face brightened when he saw Barton estimate how much she could spare.<\/p>\n

When Ludlow and Roosevelt left, Barton turned to the reporter, and wrung her hands. \u201cYes, I helped these generals,\u201d she said. \u201cI have really no right to do so. But poor men, they are so humble\u2013their men are withering like grass, the sick must have malted milk, they clamor for it so. Yes, I\u2019ll give them as long as it lasts. If General Shafter will only give me a receipt for the Red Cross to be satisfied. I can get this back from the government, and so the Cubans will be helped as it was in the first intention of the donors of these supplies. But, I\u2019ll help the American soldiers no matter what comes of it. If the commissary cannot feed a handful of men in time of peace, what would they do with an army equal to that of the Civil War?\u201d She paused before adding, \u201cIt will be alright in the end.\u201d[65]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

The popularity of Roosevelt soared after the war, and he won the Gubernatorial election of New York State in 1899. He resigned in 1900, however, to be the Vice Presidential running-mate for McKinley. (The details for this were worked out during a dinner hosted by Griscom Sr. at Dolobran, the Griscom family home.)[66]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(Left) General Ludlow\u2019s Residence And Headquarters, Havana.<\/p>\n

(Center) Major-General William Ludlow. Military Governor Of Havana.[67]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

(Right) Drawing Room Of General Ludlow\u2019s Residence.[68]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

After the war, General Ludlow was made Military Governor of Havana, where he occupied a fine palace in a beautiful location just opposite old Caba\u00f1as, and commanding a splendid view of the harbor. It was said that during the first two months of American occupation \u201cthere were few busier places on the Western Hemisphere than the headquarters of General Ludlow.\u201d He quickly went to work improving the sanitation situation of the city to combat the cholera situation.[69]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cWith regard to Yellow Fever,\u201d General Ludlow said, \u201cIt is always like a dragon, ready to pour out its poisonous breath. We solved the mystery\u2014with the broom and disinfectants.\u201d[70]<\/a> He also established Havana\u2019s first Theosophical Society.[71]<\/a> By the end of 1899, the American occupation was coming to an end, and the military authorities were preparing to transition to a civilian government in Cuba. \u201dAmong the final preparations for the full assumption of authority by the Cubans will be the election of a constitutional assembly,\u201d General Ludlow told the press.[72]<\/a><\/p>\n

In February 1900, Ludlow and Evie went to New York. Evie was to travel with Genevieve and Clem to Constantinople, where Lloyd Griscom was now installed.[73]<\/a> Ludlow briefly returned to Havana, but was back living in the States by early April. (The Theosophical Convention in April 1900, however, states that he was still the representative of the Havana Theosophical Society.)[74]<\/a> In the summer of 1900 he was sent to Berlin, Germany, to inspect their War College \u201cwith a view to the creation of a similar organization in the United States.\u201d[75]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

McKinley Inauguration, March 4, 1901, Washington, D.C.[76]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

On March 4, 1901, Ludlow was in Washington, D.C., leading the military escort for President McKinley (who was delivering his second inaugural address.)[77]<\/a> Having recently been promoted to Military Governor of the Department of the Visayas (Philippines,) General Ludlow was particularly invested in the substance of President McKinley\u2019s speech.[78]<\/a> The President said:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

"\n

The Congress having added the sanction of its authority to the powers already possessed and exercised by the Executive under the Constitution, thereby leaving with the Executive the responsibility for the government of the Philippines, I shall continue the efforts already begun until order shall be restored throughout the islands, and as fast as conditions permit will establish local governments, in the formation of which the full cooperation of the people has been already invited, and when established will encourage the people to administer them [\u2026] The Government\u2019s representatives, civil and military, are doing faithful and noble work in their mission of emancipation and merit the approval and support of their countrymen [\u2026] Our countrymen should not be deceived. We are not waging war against the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. A portion of them are making war against the United States. By far the greater part of the inhabitants recognize American sovereignty and welcome it as a guarantee of order and of security for life, property, liberty, freedom of conscience, and the pursuit of happiness.[79]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

He was very sanguine over the situation with the rebels there. \u201cThe military difficulty is practically over,\u201d Ludlow would say. \u201cIt will now be necessary for the government to suppress brigandage, stop smuggling, and maintain peace and order so the development of the country can proceed.\u201d[80]<\/a> On March 26, 1901, General Ludlow arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii, en route<\/em> to the Philippines, to take up his new post as Military Governor.[81]<\/a> He told the local reporters. \u201cThe problem in the Philippines which confronts us is now of a civil character. The Filipino is like the Cuban and, in fact, all of the colonists of Spain. He thinks that political liberty means personal liberty. They never were permitted any voice in the government of the islands, and they do not understand the theory by which our government is conducted. The principle by which the majority whenever any leading issue is determined, is beyond his comprehension. He thinks that if things go against him, he can quit, throw up his hands and have nothing more to do with affairs. He wants to go out and run amuck and kill people in order to be revenged.\u201d[82]<\/a><\/p>\n

General Ludlow\u2019s health had been excellent until he entered the sweltering climate, and \u201cmiasmatic atmosphere\u201d of Manila. He was determined to fight through whatever malady he contracted, convinced that his body would acclimate to the tropics. As time passed, however, even the General was forced to admit that his health was failing. The army board of surgeons determined that General Ludlow suffered from an attack of grippe and localized congestion, which developed into a dangerous case of tuberculosis. His appointment at Military Governor was revoked, and he was ordered to the United States, believing that the more temperate climate of his home would restore his strength and vigor.[83]<\/a> Evie Ludlow met her husband and Captain Slaker the minute the transport Buford<\/em> from Manilla arrived in Honolulu on June 14. Evie then gently guided the General to the private residence where they were staying before continuing onward to New Jersey.[84]<\/a><\/p>\n

Earlier that year Genevieve and Clem moved the family from Flushing to Convent, New Jersey, a community in the eastern section of Morristown.[85]<\/a> By 1900, Morristown had become home to one of the largest communities of millionaires in the nation.[86]<\/a> Following the trend of their peers, Clem and Genevieve moved into an estate just opposite the colonial-style Morris County Golf Club.[87]<\/a> When the weather permitted, the General would take strolls on the lawn or relax on the veranda. The pure mountain air of Morristown, free from the contamination of the city, was noted for its restorative health properties. Physicians in New York, and other cities, often sent their patients here to regain their vitality. Even the scenery, the guidebooks said, recalled \u201cthe many beautiful descriptions of nature found in the mountains of Switzerland.\u201d When General Ludlow first arrived, everyone feared the worst. It seemed, however, that he would make a full recovery.[88]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Morris County Golf Club.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Though Morristown held the honor of being the birthplace of the telegraph, it was George Washington, who made camp here, that put the village on the map. The building Washington lived in had recently been purchased by the Washington Society of New Jersey. They opened it as a museum to the public.[89]<\/a> Perhaps General Ludlow reflected on his great-grandfather, Obadiah Ludlow, who was Washington\u2019s \u201cright-hand man,\u201d throughout the entire Revolution.[90]<\/a> \u201c<\/em>By both lines,\u201d<\/em> General Ludlow wryly mused, \u201cI descended<\/em> from notable colonial stock.\u201d[91]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(Left) Mary Enid Evelyn (n\u00e9e Guest), Lady Layard. (Source: National Portrait Gallery, London.)[92]<\/a><\/p>\n

(Right) Bowling Green, Manhattan.[93]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

On August 24, 1901, Clem met his sister, Frances Griscom, and brother-in-law, Samuel Bettle (Helen Griscom\u2019s husband) at the wharf of the American Line. They were escorting Evelyn Layard to Dolobran, where she was staying as a guest of the family.[94]<\/a> Evelyn, the widow of Austen Layard (the Assyriologist who excavated Nimrud and Nineveh,) was an old friend of the family. After clearing the authorities, Clem took her back to his office at Bowling Green where they were met by Griscom Sr. The party then took a Pullman car especially prepared for Griscom Sr. (a director of Pennsylvania Railroad) to Philadelphia. By dinner time that evening Griscom Sr. had arrived from Manhattan \u201cwhich added much hilarity and jollity to the evening.\u201d After dinner everyone retired to a large parlor called the Art Room, where Helen worked a \u201cpianola\u201d for Evelyn\u2019s amusement. The Art Room contained many fine pictures by Lawrence, Sir Joshua, Van der Helot, and Romney.\u00a0 Here, too, were the fine portraits of the Griscom women by the renowned painter, Cecilia Beaux (the only woman on the international jury whose paintings were sent to the Paris Exposition.)[95]<\/a> There was also the taxidermized Buffalo head, a trophy from General Ludlow\u2019s Black Hill\u2019s Expedition with Custer.[96]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mother and Daughter (Frances C. Griscom and Pansy C. Griscom) by Cecilia Beaux.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

On August 30 Griscom Sr. took an early train to Manhattan (Clem had already returned to Morristown to be with Genevieve and General Ludlow.) Frances and Evelyn followed Griscom Sr. to New York on the 9 a.m. train. There they spent the day shopping. (The Spanish ladies in Cuba, now impoverished by Spanish American War, were selling their jewels for cheap in New York.)\u00a0 Frances and Evelyn met Griscom Sr. at Delmonico\u2019s for lunch. After their meal they took a train to Whitestone where they boarded Griscom Sr.\u2019s yacht, \u201cAlert,\u201d and \u201csailed along merrily in perfectly smooth waters.\u201d[97]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(Left) \u201cAlert.\u201d (Right) Griscom Sr.[98]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

They arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 1, 1901, to attend the first official trial race held by the New York Yacht Club.[99]<\/a> The mood was dampened when they learned that General Ludlow had died on August 30, 1901. It was raining all morning, so everyone gathered under the awning to talk. When the weather cleared, Frances took Evelyn on board \u201cJosephine,\u201d George Wideners big steam yacht, where a select party was assembled.[100]<\/a> The following day the Griscom party were invited aboard J.P. Morgan\u2019s steam yacht the \u201cCorsair,\u201d to witness a trial race between the \u201cConstitution\u201d and the \u201cColumbia\u201d out at sea. While Frances and Evelyn sat on deck talking, they were paid a visit by Katherine Berwind, wife of John E. Berwind.[101]<\/a> As they sailed past Griscom Sr.\u2019s summer home at Watch Hill, Frances heard Pansy calling from the water. They laughed when they found her and Rod\u2014both in bathing costumes\u2014paddling in a canoe. They had seen the \u201cAlert\u201d while they were out bathing and had seized a small canoe to come out to speak with them. Pansy and Evelyn went off in their best gowns to the Horseshoe Casino, where they settled themselves in with Katherine Berwind. Later that day Griscom Sr. and J.P. Morgan sailed for New York in the Corsair to attend General Ludlow\u2019s funeral.[102]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Horseshoe Casino, Newport, Rhode Island.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

General Ludlow\u2019s body arrived at Hoboken Station at 11 a.m. on the morning of September 3rd. It was met by a military escort composed of eight hundred officers and men of the Engineers and Coast Artillery. The coffin, the mourners, and the military escort, were placed on a special ferryboat and crossed over to the other side of the river. They arrived at Barclay Street. A line of march was formed. The funeral procession traveled east on Barclay, then South on Broadway, and from there to Trinity Church.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u201cBearing the Body Of Brigadier-General Ludlow Into Trinity Church.\u201d[103]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The pallbearers in their carriages followed the caisson. Evie, Admiral Ludlow, Genevieve, Clem, Acton, and Ludlow\u2014and a number of military friends\u2014made up the rear. The front of the procession approached Trinity Church. The line broke. The soldiers made formations on both sides of the street. Through this aisle, the caisson passed. The band was now playing \u201cNearer, My God, to Thee.\u201d In Long Island City the funeral party embarked a special train for Fresh Pond Cemetery, where General Ludlow\u2019s body was cremated.[104]<\/a> Although William Ludlow \u201cdid not die in battle as he hoped to do, he died with flags flying and his soul erect.\u201d[105]<\/a> In The Theosophical Forum<\/em> a memorial was dedicated to the fallen Theosophical comrade: \u201cIt is a part of the strange, deceptive quality of things, that nothing should teach us so much of life, nothing should so much open our eyes to the grandeur and limitless possibility of life, as death, which is called the cessation of life.\u201d[106]<\/a> In the years following his death, Genevieve would write down a collection of her favorite admonitions given to her father:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

"\n*****
** Always to be courteous and gracious, to everyone, but with reserve. Never forget your dignity.<\/p>\n
** To speak always in a low and well-modulated voice. (Loud talking he abhorred.) Never interrupt. <\/em><\/p>\n
** Never be an eager talker, and above all be a good listener. (This last, he said, was a great charm in man or woman,\u2014an irresistible charm in a woman.)<\/p>\n
** To be careful in English and the choice and use of words, and in accent and pronunciation. Never to use slang, and to be careful even with col\u00adloquialisms.<\/p>\n
** Never to listen to flattery, nor to pay too much attention to what anyone said\u2014save a very few.<\/em><\/p>\n
** \u00a0<\/em>Never to ask personal questions, and to use discretion in commenting on information given you.<\/p>\n
** Never explain. A woman is lost if she explains herself!<\/p>\n
** Never to give yourself right and left to people. To go extremely slow. To trust only after much testing. Violent intimacies are vulgar.<\/p>\n
** When a friend is made, to be as true as steel; and to stand like a rock behind those who serve you.<\/p>\n
** Your friendship and your service should be something worth winning\u2014 and hard to win.<\/p>\n
** To set a high price on yourself, and then to make yourself worth the price.<\/p>\n
** To be sufficient to yourself, if need be, and to have no companions rather than poor ones.<\/p>\n
** Always to do what is right. Never mind the consequences: they will take care of themselves.<\/p>\n
** A man is known by the company he keeps; he is also to be known by the enemies he makes. A man who has no enemies cannot amount to much. He stands for nothing. The evil and the low should <\/em>hate and fear you, as you them. To be a good hater, otherwise you cannot be a true lover.<\/p>\n
** To mind your own business, and to keep your opinions to yourself. It is not often that anybody wants them!<\/p>\n
** To eliminate curiosity, which is extremely vulgar.<\/p>\n
** If you ever hear anything about someone\u2019s else affairs, to forget it in\u00adstantly.<\/p>\n
** Never to tolerate anything unworthy in your presence: to make everyone feel that such things are impossible there.<\/p>\n
** Always to be cheerful and encouraging; to give people hope and to stim\u00adulate them. The less cheerful you feel, the more cheerful you should be. Never to spare yourself, your time, your strength, or your money, in service of others. Never to talk about your troubles, or your aches and ails. To try to ignore them to yourself. When you are suffering too much to be able to hide it, to shut yourself up in your own room until you have mastered it.<\/p>\n
** No matter how afraid you are, never to let on.<\/p>\n
** No matter how hurt you are, never to let on.<\/p>\n
** If you cannot begin by being courageous, you will end there, by keeping these two rules.<\/p>\n
** To be afraid of nothing except dishonour: there is nothing else to be afraid of.<\/p>\n
** Never to neglect a duty; never to shirk a responsibility; to do either is dishonorable.<\/p>\n
** To defend your principles and your honor to the last drop of your blood. They are the only things in the world that count.<\/p>\n
** To loathe a lie above all things\u2014and liars. To be incapable <\/em>of such your\u00adself.<\/p>\n
** Never to flinch under a threat, not even from life itself.<\/p>\n
** To obey instantly, without question, those in authority. You owe it to yourself.<\/p>\n
** Never to forget that you are a soldier\u2019s daughter. \u201c Never to forget that you are a Ludlow.<\/p>\n
** *****To be true to the colors.<\/p>\n****

Noblesse oblige<\/em>.[107]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n*****
** \u00a0<\/p>\n
** SOURCES:<\/p>\n
** *****\u00a0<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Frost, G. H. \u201cStatement.\u201d Engineering News. <\/em>Vol. \u00a0<\/em>VIII (April 9, 1881): 147-149.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Meade, Marion. Madame Blavatsky: The Woman Behind the Myth<\/em>. G.P. Putnam\u2019s Sons. New York, New York. (1980): 132.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Woodbridge, George. \u201c\u2018Volunteer\u2019 Or \u2018Pressed\u2019 Man.\u2019\u201d The Theosophical\u00a0 Quarterly<\/em> Vol. XXIII, No. 3. (January 1927): 248-253;\u00a0 \u201cObituary\u201d The British Chess Magazine.<\/em> Vol. X, No. 114. (June 1890): 229-230;\u00a0 Ancestry.com. Maine, U.S., Marriage Index, 1670-1921<\/em> [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016; Woodbridge, George. \u201c\u2018Volunteer\u2019 Or \u2018Pressed\u2019 Man.\u2019\u201d The Theosophical\u00a0 Quarterly<\/em> Vol. XXIII, No. 3. (January 1927): 248-253.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u201cAn Epitome of Theosophy.\u201d The Detroit Free Press.<\/em> (Detroit, Michigan) January 3, 1892<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Carosso, Vincent P. The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854-1913<\/em>. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. (1987): 246-249; Burt, Nathaniel. The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy<\/em>. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (1999): 448.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cFifty Dollars For A Cigar.\u201d St. Louis Globe-Democrat.<\/em> (St. Louis, Missouri) June 5, 1884.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ludlow, William. \u201cPollution Of The Schuylkill River Within The Limits Of The City Of Philadelphia.\u201d The Sanitary Engineer<\/em>. Vol. X, No. 18 (October 2, 1884): 411-412.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Ludlow, William \u201cThe Water Supply Question And The Cholera.\u201d Bradstreet\u2019s<\/em>. Vol. XI, No. 351 (March 21, 1885):183.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe Universal Tribute.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. (New York, New York) August 8, 1885.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u201cHarbor Improvements.\u201d The Times. <\/em>(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) September 1, 1881; \u201cA Memorial.\u201d The Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em>. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) July 3, 1882; \u201cImproving The Harbor.\u201d The Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em>. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) August 12, 1882; Thirty-Third Annual Report of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York<\/em>. Seeman & Peters, Printers and Binders. Saginaw, Michigan. (1902); Flayhart, William H. The American Line: 1871-1902<\/em>. Norton. New York, New York. (2000): 79-91.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Morgan, Kenneth W. Memories<\/em>. Unpublished. 257-277.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u201cA Notable Reception.\u201d The Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em>. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) January 18, 1886.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u201cHail! Wedded Love: A Long List of Marriages and Engagements in Philadelphia.\u201d The New York Herald<\/em>. (New York, New York) November 18, 1888.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> The National Cyclopedia Of American Biography: Vol. IX<\/em>. James T. White. New York, New York. (1899): 23.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u00a0\u201cBride Is Niece Of Hancock.\u201d The Boston Globe<\/em>. (Boston, Massachusetts) September 19, 1889; \u201cWired From The City.\u201d The Boston Herald<\/em>. (Boston, Massachusetts) September 19, 1889.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u201cT.S. Activities.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly<\/em>. Vol. XX, No. 1. (July 1922): 70-96.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at http:\/\/tsmembers.org\/. See book 1, entry 5447. (website file: 1B:1885-1890) Genevieve Ludlow Griscom; Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at http:\/\/tsmembers.org\/. See book 1, entry 5635. (website file: 1B:1885-1890) William Ludlow.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at http:\/\/tsmembers.org\/. See book 1, entry 7651. (website file: 1C:1890-1894) Louise Nicoll Ludlow. [Hartshorne, Indian Territory. (11\/12\/1891.)]\n<\/p>

[19]<\/a> F.T.S. (William Ludlow) \u201cWhat is Theosophy?\u201d The Detroit Free Press.<\/em> (Detroit, Michigan) December 20, 1891; F.T.S. (William Ludlow) \u201cAn Epitome of Theosophy?\u201d The Detroit Free Press<\/em>. (Detroit, Michigan) January 3, 1892; F.T.S. (William Ludlow) \u201cTheosophy?\u201d The Detroit Free Press.<\/em> (Detroit, Michigan) January 17, 1892; F.T.S. (William Ludlow) \u201cTheosophy?\u201d The Detroit Free Press.<\/em> (Detroit, Michigan) January 24, 1892; F.T.S. (William Ludlow) What Is Theosophy?: Letters Written To The Detroit Free Press. Printed By The Staten Island Branch. Thomas J. Brashears\u2019 Sons. Washington, D.C. (No Year Listed); \u201cFifty Years.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly<\/em>. Vol. XXIII, No. 3 (January 1926): 209-211.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> \u201cColonel Ludlow Relieved From Duty.\u201d The Sun<\/em>. (New York, New York) June 22, 1892.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> \u201cWill Be Restored.\u201d The Detroit Free Press<\/em>. (Detroit, Michigan) March 12, 1893.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> \u201cPurely Personal.\u201d The Lincoln Nebraska State Journal<\/em>. (Lincoln, Nebraska) December 11, 1893.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Davis, William E. Dean of the Birdwatchers: A Biography of Ludlow Griscom.<\/em>\u00a0 Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. (1994):.64.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> \u201cFirst From The New Pier.\u201d The Evening World<\/em>. (New York, New York) January 3, 1894.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u201cRoosevelt\u2019s Double Denial.\u201d The Evening World<\/em>. (New York, New York) November 1, 1893.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u201cMrs. Roosevelt Dead.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. (New York, New York) November 13, 1893.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Griscom, Lloyd C. Diplomatically Speaking<\/em>. The Literary Guild Of America. New York, New York. (1940): 26, 66.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> \u201cLondon Personals.\u201d The Evening Star<\/em>. (Washington, D.C.) February 26, 1894.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> \u201cYale Boys Are Feasted.\u201d The St. Paul Globe<\/em>. (Saint Paul, Minnesota): July 18, 1894.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> \u201cDeath Of Czar Alexander III.\u201d The Oxfordshire Weekly News<\/em>. (Oxfordshire, England) November 7, 1894; \u201cPlans For Alexander\u2019s Funeral.\u201d The Chicago Tribune. (Chicago, Illinois) November 7, 1894.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Ludlow, William. \u201cThe Military Systems Of Europe And America.\u201d\u00a0The North American Review<\/em>. Vol. CLX, No. 458. (January 1895): \u00a072\u201384.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> United States. 54th Congress. First Session. House Of Representatives. Document No. 279. Nicaragua Canal. Message From The President Of The United States. <\/em>U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. (1896): Appendix A. Minutes Of The Nicaragua Canal Board.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Ludlow, William. \u201cThe Trans-Isthmian Canal Problem.\u201d\u00a0Harper\u2019s New Monthly Magazine<\/em>. Vol. XCVI, No. 576. (May 1898):\u00a0 837-846.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> Supplement to The Theosophical Forum<\/em> Vol. II. No. 10. (February, 1897)<\/p>\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cOn The Screen of Time.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly<\/em>. Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (October 1926): 163-175.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cOn The Screen of Time.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly<\/em>. Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (October 1926): 163-175.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cJose Maceo\u2019s Death.\u201d The Hawaiian Gazette<\/em>. (Honolulu, Hawaii) August 7, 1896.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cGreat Victory For Cuba Libre.\u201d The St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>. (St. Louis, Missouri) March 7, 1897.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> \u201cVictoria\u2019s Jubilee.\u201d The Abbeville Press And Banner.<\/em> (Abbeville,\u00a0 South Carolina,) July 7, 1897.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cNew York Is In No Danger.\u201d Chicago Tribune. <\/em>(Chicago, Illinois) March 13, 1898.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> Davis, Richard Harding. The Cuban And Porto Rican Campaigns<\/em>. Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons. New York, New York. (1898): 104.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> Lodge, Henry Cabot \u201cThe Spanish American War: Santiago\u201d Harper\u2019s New Monthly Magazine <\/em>Vol. XCVII, No. DLXXXVIII (May, 1899): 833-862.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cOur Officers Visit Garcia.\u201d The Herald.<\/em> (Los Angeles, California.) June 22, 1898; Miley, John D. In Cuba With Shafter<\/em>. Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons. New York, New York. (1899): 75-80.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe Battle Of El Caney.\u201d The New York Times. <\/em>(New York, New York.) August 14, 1898.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe Battle Of El Caney.\u201d The New York Times. <\/em>(New York, New York.) August 14, 1898.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> Lee, Arthur H. \u201cThe Regulars At El Caney.\u201d Scribner\u2019s Magazine<\/em>. Vol. XXIV, No. 4. (October, 1898): 403-413.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> Holloway, A. Hero Tales Of The American Soldier And Sailor.<\/em> Elliott Publishing Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (1899): 272-273.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> Norris, Frank. \u201cWith Lawton At El Caney.\u201d The Century<\/em>. Vol. LVIII, No.2\u00a0 (June, 1899): 304-309.<\/p>\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> Konstam, Angus. San Juan Hill 1898: America\u2019s Emergence as a World Power. Bloomsbury Publishing. New York, New York. (2013): 52.<\/p>\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> Vivian, Thomas Jondrie. The Fall Of Santiago. <\/em>R.F. Fenno & Company. New York, New York (1898): 143-148.<\/p>\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> Konstam, Angus. San Juan Hill 1898: America\u2019s Emergence as a World Power. Bloomsbury Publishing. New York, New York. (2013): 52.<\/p>\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. \u201cHow The Spaniards Fought At Caney.\u201d Scribner\u2019s Magazine<\/em>. Vol. XXIV, No. 3. (September, 1898): 278-282.<\/p>\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> T. \u201cOn The Screen Of Time.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly. <\/em>Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (October, 1928): 278-282.<\/p>\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> Collins, Mabel. Light On The Path.<\/em> Cupples, Upham, And Company. (1886): 11-12.<\/p>\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> Norris, Frank. \u201cWith Lawton At El Caney.\u201d The Century<\/em>. Vol. LVIII, No.2\u00a0 (June, 1899): 304-309.<\/p>\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> General Lawton\u2019s report July 3, 1898 in 55th Congress, 3d Session, House of Representatives, Document no. 2. Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1898.<\/em> Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army. Washington: Government Printing Office (1898.) 169.<\/p>\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> Harper\u2019s Pictorial History Of The War With Spain. <\/em>Harper & Brothers Publishers. <\/em>New York, New York. <\/em>(1898): 384.<\/p>\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> Tucille, Jerome. The Roughest Riders: The Untold Story of the Black Soldiers in the Spanish-American War.\u00a0 <\/em>Chicago Review Press. Chicago, Illinois. (2015): 239-279.<\/p>\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> Holloway, A. Hero Tales Of The American Soldier And Sailor.<\/em> Elliott Publishing Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (1899): 191-192.<\/p>\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> Castellanos Garcia, Gerardo. Tierras y Glorias de Oriente. Hermes Havana<\/em>. (1927): 334-337.<\/p>\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe Fight For El Caney\u201d The New York Tribune.<\/em> (New York, New York.) June 22, 1898.<\/p>\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> Captain Stewart. \u201cIn The Cuban Campaign.\u201d The Norton Courier. <\/em>(Norton, Kansas) April 2, 1914.<\/p>\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> Norris, Frank. \u201cWith Lawton At El Caney.\u201d The Century<\/em>. Vol. LVIII, No.2\u00a0 (June, 1899): 304-309.<\/p>\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cShafter\u2019s Defense; First Reply to Critics.\u201d The<\/em> New York Journal And Advertiser<\/em>. (New York, New York)\u00a0 November 26, 1898.<\/p>\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> MacQueen, Peter. \u201cClara Barton To The American People.\u201d Frank Leslie\u2019s Popular Monthly.<\/em> Vol. XLVII, No. 1. (November, 1898): 76-82; MacQueen, Peter. \u201cAftermath At Santiago.\u201d The National Magazine.<\/em> Vol. VIII, No. 6. (September, 1898): 499-506.<\/p>\n

[66]<\/a> \u201cRoosevelt the Man.\u201d The Bourbon News. <\/em>(Paris, Kentucky) June 19, 1900.<\/p>\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cAmerican Officers In Charge In The Capital And Their Officials.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly. <\/em>Vol. XLIII, No. 2210. (April 29, 1899): 431<\/p>\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cAmerican Officers In Charge In The Capital And Their Officials.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly. <\/em>Vol. XLIII, No. 2210. (April 29, 1899): 431<\/p>\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> Matthews, Franklin. \u201cThe Reconstruction of Cuba.\u201d Harper\u2019s Weekly. <\/em>Vol. XLIII, No. 2204. (March 18, 1899): 271-272.<\/p>\n

[70]<\/a> \u201cLudlow Talks On Cuba.\u201d The New York Times<\/em> . (New York, New York) November 17, 1899.<\/p>\n

[71]<\/a> \u201cTheosophical News And Notes: The Convention\u201d The Theosophical Forum<\/em>. Vol. V. No. 1. (May 1899): 11-19.<\/p>\n

[72]<\/a> \u201cGeneral Ludlow On Cuba.\u201d The<\/em> Washington Times. <\/em>(Washington, D.C.) November 9, 1899.<\/p>\n

[73]<\/a> \u201cGeneral Ludlow On Cuba.\u201d The St. Louis Globe-Democrat<\/em>. (St. Louis, Missouri) February 15, 1900; \u201cGen. Ludlow Returns From Havana.\u201d The<\/em> New York Times. <\/em>(New York, New York) April 18 , 1900; Griscom, Lloyd C. Diplomatically Speaking<\/em>. The Literary Guild Of America. New York, New York. (1940): 161.<\/p>\n

[74]<\/a> \u201cAmerican Theosophists Meet.\u201d The<\/em> New York Times. <\/em>(New York, New York) April 30, 1900.<\/p>\n

[75]<\/a> \u201cGen. Ludlow In Berlin.\u201d The<\/em> New York Times. <\/em>(New York, New York) July 29, 1900.<\/p>\n

[76]<\/a> Inauguration of Pres. McKinley<\/em>. Washington D.C, 1901. [March 4] Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/00652337\/.<\/p>\n

[77]<\/a> \u201cInauguration is Over.\u201d The<\/em> Boston Evening Transcript<\/em>. (Boston, Massachusetts) March 5, 1901.<\/p>\n

[78]<\/a> \u201cGeneral Ludlow Very Ill.\u201d The Sandusky Star-Journal<\/em>. (Sandusky, Ohio) April 27, 1901.<\/p>\n

[79]<\/a> \u00a0McKinley, William. March 4, 1901: Second Inaugural Address.<\/em> National Archives.<\/p>\n

[80]<\/a> \u201cMany Soldiers In Town\u201d The Hawaiian Star. <\/em>(Honolulu, Hawaii) March 27, 1901.<\/p>\n

[81]<\/a> \u201cGeneral Ludlow Very Ill.\u201d The Sandusky Star-Journal<\/em>. (Sandusky, Ohio) April 27, 1901.<\/p>\n

[82]<\/a> \u201cMany Soldiers In Town\u201d The Hawaiian Star. <\/em>(Honolulu, Hawaii) March 27, 1901.<\/p>\n

[83]<\/a> \u201cGeneral Ludlow Very Ill.\u201d The Sandusky Star-Journal<\/em>. (Sandusky, Ohio) April 27, 1901.<\/p>\n

[84]<\/a> \u201cPraise For Philippines.\u201d The<\/em> Commercial Advertiser. <\/em>(Honolulu, Hawaii Territory) June 15, 1901.<\/p>\n

[85]<\/a> \u201cMorristown, New Jersey, City Directory, 1903.\u201d p.99. City Directories, 1822-1995 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.<\/p>\n

[86]<\/a> Nadzeika, Bonnie-Lynn. Morristown<\/em>. Arcadia Publishing. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. (2012): 7.<\/p>\n

[87]<\/a> \u201cWith The Golfers.\u201d The Amateur Athlete<\/em>. Vol. III. No. 11. (New York, June 3, 1897): 7.<\/p>\n

[88]<\/a> \u201cDeath Of A Hero.\u201d The Plymouth Republican.<\/em> (Plymouth, Massachusetts) September 5, 1901.<\/p>\n

[89]<\/a> Chapin, B.E. Outings on the Lackawanna<\/em>. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. New York, New York. (1899): 34-35<\/p>\n

[90]<\/a> \u201cMr. Speaker Ludlow.\u201d The New York Times. (<\/em>New York, New York) <\/em>January 22, 1853.<\/p>\n

[91]<\/a> McAndrews, Eugene V. William Ludlow: Engineer, Governor, Soldier<\/em>. [Doctoral Dissertation.] Kansas State University. Manhattan, Kansas.<\/p>\n

(1973): 1.<\/p>\n

[92]<\/a> Mary Enid Evelyn (n\u00e9e Guest), Lady Layard. National Portrait Gallery, London. Creative Commons.<\/p>\n

[93]<\/a> The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. \u201cBeginning of Broadway in 1899\u201d New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 26, 2023.<\/p>\n

[94]<\/a> \u201cCame on St. Paul.\u201d The Brooklyn Daily Eagle<\/em>. (Brooklyn, New York) August 25, 1901.<\/p>\n

[95]<\/a> \u201cThe Lounger.\u201d The Critic. <\/em>Vol.\u00a0 XXXV, No. 870. (December 1899): 1072; Layard, Enid Evelyn, \u201cJournals Of Mary Enid Evelyn Layard,\u201d 1869-1912.\u00a0 Abbott, Edith and Grace. Papers, [Add MS 46153-46170: 1869-1912], Western Manuscripts, The British Library. (24 August 1901 entry.)<\/p>\n

[96]<\/a> Rawdon, Clara Hale. \u201cWhat We Are Doing And Chapter Work.\u201d The American Monthly Magazine<\/em>. Vol. IX. (July-December 1896): 31-35.<\/p>\n

[97]<\/a> Layard, Enid Evelyn, \u201cJournals Of Mary Enid Evelyn Layard,\u201d 1869-1912.\u00a0 Abbott, Edith, and Grace. Papers, [Add MS 46153-46170: 1869-1912], Western Manuscripts, The British Library. (30 August 1901 entry.)<\/p>\n

[98]<\/a> \u00a0Brown, Harry. The History of American Yachts and Yachtsmen<\/em>. Spirit Of The Times Publishing Company. New York, New York. (1901): 111.<\/p>\n

[99]<\/a> \u201cOld Defenders Race.\u201d The New York Tribune<\/em>. (New York, New York) September 1, 1901.<\/p>\n

[100]<\/a> Layard, Enid Evelyn, \u201cJournals Of Mary Enid Evelyn Layard,\u201d 1869-1912.\u00a0 Abbott, Edith, and Grace. Papers, [Add MS 46153-46170: 1869-1912], Western Manuscripts, The British Library. (1 September 1901 entry.)<\/p>\n

[101]<\/a> \u201cJ.E. Berwind Dies Of Heart Attack.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. (New York, New York) May 24, 1928.<\/p>\n

[102]<\/a> Layard, Enid Evelyn, \u201cJournals Of Mary Enid Evelyn Layard,\u201d 1869-1912.\u00a0 Abbott, Edith, and Grace. Papers, [Add MS 46153-46170: 1869-1912], Western Manuscripts, The British Library. (September 2, 1901, entry.)<\/p>\n

[103]<\/a> \u201cFuneral of Gen. Ludlow.\u201d The<\/em> New York Tribune<\/em>. (<\/em>New York, New York) September 4, 1901.<\/p>\n

[104]<\/a> \u201cGen. Ludlow\u2019s Funeral\u201d New York Times (<\/em>New York, New York) September 1, 1901; \u201cGeneral Ludlow Dies Suddenly.\u201d Chicago Daily Tribune<\/em>, (Chicago, Illinois) August 31, 1901; \u201cBrig. Gen. Ludlow Dead.\u201d The New York Times<\/em> (New York, New York) August 31, 1901; \u201cFuneral of Gen. Ludlow.\u201d The<\/em> New York Tribune<\/em>, (<\/em>New York, New York) September 4, 1901.<\/p>\n

[105]<\/a> \u201cOn The Screen of Time.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly. <\/em>Vol. XXIV, No. 2. (October 1926): 163-175.<\/p>\n

[106]<\/a> \u00a0\u201cIn Memory Of William Ludlow.\u201d The Theosophical Forum<\/em>. Vol. VII, No. 5. (September 1901): 81-83.<\/p>\n

[107]<\/a> \u201cOn The Screen of Time.\u201d The Theosophical Quarterly. <\/em>Vol. XXIV, No. 2. (October 1926): 163-175.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 Last year I wrote a piece titles \u201cWhere The Sandstone Yawns,\u201d about the mysterious happenings of Custer\u2019s Black Hills Expedition. One of the main \u201ccharacters\u201d of the (non-fiction) story was William Ludlow. This same William Ludlow that served as the basis for Jim Harrison\u2019s fictional character of the same name in Legends Of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4831,"featured_media":9594,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2595,696,615,2589,82,1970],"class_list":["post-9549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-legends-of-the-fall","tag-light-on-the-path","tag-spanish-american-war","tag-theodore-roosevelt","tag-theosophical-society","tag-william-ludlow"],"yoast_head":"\nLegends Of Ascension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"    Last year I wrote a piece titles "Where The Sandstone Yawns," about the mysterious happenings of Custer's Black Hills Expedition. One of the\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/marginalia\/2024\/06\/legends-of-ascension\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Legends Of Ascension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"    Last year I wrote a piece titles "Where The Sandstone Yawns," about the mysterious happenings of Custer's Black Hills Expedition. One of the\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/marginalia\/2024\/06\/legends-of-ascension\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marginalia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-23T20:31:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-23T20:32:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/1624\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-06-23-at-4.13.02-PM.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"656\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Shawn F. Higgins\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ColdCocinar\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Shawn F. 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Higgins\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/marginalia\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/67fbb05a812133232bf6da4ddef01944?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/67fbb05a812133232bf6da4ddef01944?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Shawn F. Higgins\"},\"description\":\"Shawn F. Higgins is an independent scholar and historian specializing in nineteenth-century esoteric and religious movements, and a leading expert in the history of the Theosophical Society and its American development. 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