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Reconciliation of Love: Origins of Christian Universalism

Reconciliation of Love: Origins of Christian Universalism

Last updated on: September 24, 2025 at 10:45 pm by Jeff Hood

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Reconciliation of Love: Origins of Christian Universalism 2025-09-24T22:45:43-06:00 Jeff Hood

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Christian Universalism

Hosea Ballou / Wikimedia Commons

The Story of Christian Universalism: Love That Refuses to Let Go

Whispers of Universal Reconciliation in Christian Universalism

Christian Universalism is the story of love refusing to let go. From the beginning, there were whispers in the gospel that God’s mercy would not stop short of anything less than the reconciliation of all things. The Book of Acts dares to speak of the apokatastasis…the restoration of all things (Acts 3:21).

Origen and the Fire of Mercy

Origen (185-253) was the first to seize this hope with both hands. He saw love as a fire that would purify every soul…not to annihilate but to restore. “God is all in all,” he wrote, insisting that divine mercy was not partial…not temporary…not conditional (Origen, On First Principles).

Gregory of Nyssa: Cosmic Healing

A few generations later, Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335-c. 395) carried the vision further. For him, reconciliation meant nothing less than the undoing of evil itself…a cosmic healing that would not cease until every wound was bound up. “For it is evident that God will, in truth, be ‘in all’ when there shall be no evil in existence” (Gregory of Nyssa, On the Soul and the Resurrection).

Isaac of Nineveh: Even Hell Is Not Beyond Christ’s Love

Centuries later…on the other side of empire…Isaac of Nineveh (c. 613-c. 700) sang the same truth with mystical tenderness. He declared that even hell was not beyond the touch of divine compassion. “As a handful of sand thrown into the great sea, so are the sins of all flesh in comparison with the mind of God” (Isaac, Ascetical Homilies). For Isaac, the reconciliation of love was not speculation but vision…God’s mercy flooding even the deepest pit.

The Church Turns from the Hope of Christian Universalism

The church grew uneasy with these voices…and they were whispered against, condemned and hidden. Fear built walls around hope. But the ember of reconciliation never went out. It smoldered in the shadows of history until…in the eighteenth century…a new world in upheaval gave it breath again. The Enlightenment was shaking old certainties, revolutions were unraveling empires and the thunder of revival preachers echoed into the new world. Out of this ferment rose a chorus of unlikely figures…the pioneers of modern universalism. They were not bishops backed by imperial power…but preachers, healers, mystics and radicals…each in their own strange way bearing witness to the reconciliation of love.

Pioneers of Modern Christian Universalism

James Relly: Union in Christ

James Relly (1722-1778) was among the first. A Welshman with a scandalous gospel, Relly insisted that the union between Christ and humanity was not a possibility but a reality. If all were in Adam, then all were in Christ. “As all mankind were in Adam, so all mankind are in Christ” (Relly, Union). In those few words, he leveled the machinery of conditional salvation. For Relly, the reconciliation of love was already accomplished in Jesus…waiting not to be earned but to be trusted. His vision was too much for polite pulpits…but it planted a seed that would grew wild.

John Murray: Proclaiming Christian Universalism

One who caught Relly’s fire was John Murray (1741-1815). Wounded by loss, he left England for America and brought with him nothing but the conviction that God’s mercy had no limit. In the raw landscape of the colonies, he proclaimed a message that many called heresy…“The salvation of all men… is most certainly the doctrine of God our Savior” (Murray, Letters and Sketches). For Murray, preaching itself became an act of rebellion. He stood before congregations steeped in fear and declared that hell had been undone. Where Relly spoke of reconciliation in Christ, Murray proclaimed it aloud…making it a scandal that could not be ignored.

George de Benneville: Healing with Love

But universalism was never just thunder…it was also tenderness. George de Benneville (1703-1793) embodied that gentler side. A mystic who crossed oceans, he told of descending into the depths of hell only to discover that there too was the presence of God’s mercy. “The Love of God is stronger than all the powers of hell” (de Benneville, Life and Trance). As a physician, he practiced what he preached. Every wound he tended…every life he comforted…was a testimony that the reconciliation of love was not reserved for some distant eternity but was already breaking in wherever compassion took flesh. Where Murray proclaimed reconciliation, de Benneville healed with it.

Elhanan Winchester: Scripture as a Witness

Then came Elhanan Winchester (1751-1797), who turned his fierce attention to Scripture. A Baptist preacher with the voice of a prophet, he refused to surrender the Bible to fearmongers. With boldness, he declared, “The doctrine of the universal restoration is most certainly the doctrine of the Bible” (Winchester, The Universal Restoration). He traced the great arc of Scripture from beginning to end and found not damnation but restoration…not wrath but mercy. In his hands, the Bible ceased to be a weapon and became a witness to reconciliation itself. He built a bridge for ordinary believers…showing them that to trust the Bible was to trust the reconciliation of love.

Hosea Ballou: Theology of Christian Universalism

Still, a movement needs more than proclamation and proof texts. It needs theology deep enough to stand against the currents of fear. That was the work of Hosea Ballou (1771-1852). Ballou tore apart the very heart of retributive Christianity…the doctrine of substitutionary atonement. In A Treatise on Atonement, he wrote, “The doctrine of atonement… is no more or less than the manifestation of the love of God” (Ballou, Treatise). No more could the cross be seen as divine wrath appeased by blood. Instead, the cross revealed what had always been true…love reconciling the world to itself. With Ballou, universalism gained a backbone. He dismantled theologies of cruelty and rebuilt Christian faith on the foundation of reconciliation alone.

Adin Ballou: Living Christian Universalism

But ideas are never enough. The reconciliation of love must take form in how we live, how we resist, how we build communities. This was the genius of Adin Ballou (1803-1890). They there were unrelated, Adin was certainly Hosea’s spiritual heir. For Adin, universalism was not speculation about heaven or hell…it was a mandate for how we treat each other. If God’s love reconciles all, then how can we shed blood or wage war? “The kingdom of Christ excludes revenge, war and violence of every kind” (Adin Ballou, Christian Non-Resistance). He gave universalism an ethic. He insisted that nonviolence, justice and community were not optional extras but the very shape of reconciliation lived out in the present. Where Hosea reconciled theology, Adin reconciled ethics. Together they made universalism into a way of life.

A Continuous Song of Christian Universalism

When we trace this line…from Origen to Gregory to Isaac, from Relly to Murray to de Benneville to Winchester to Hosea Ballou and finally to Adin Ballou…we see not disconnected voices but a continuous song, each note amplifying the hope of love. Origen dared to believe that all would be restored. Gregory declared that evil itself would be undone. Isaac whispered that even hell was not beyond love’s reach. Relly proclaimed union in Christ. Murray carried the proclamation across the sea. De Benneville healed with mercy. Winchester found reconciliation inscribed in the Bible itself. Hosea Ballou tore down false theologies to reveal love at the center. Adin Ballou lived reconciliation as nonviolence, making it flesh. Together they bear one witness…love reconciles all.

Our Inheritance: Living the Reconciliation of Christian Universalism

Embodying Mercy in a Broken World

And so the question turns to us. What will we do with this inheritance? If we believe that God’s love reconciles all, then we cannot stop at speculation. We must live it. The reconciliation of love is not a doctrine to admire but a calling to embody. To trust this gospel means to heal where others wound, to proclaim where others terrify, to resist where others bow and to love where others hate. The pioneers of modern universalism did not risk everything so we could repeat their words like a creed. They risked everything to show us how to live reconciliation in flesh and blood.

The Call to Bold and Courageous Living

This is why their witness matters now. The reconciliation of love demands that we stop imagining hell as a distant place and start noticing the hells around us. And then, like de Benneville binding wounds or Adin Ballou rejecting the sword…we must dare to embody the gospel that hell cannot last, that cruelty cannot win and that love has the final word.

The reconciliation of love is not sentimental. It is not safe. It is scandalous, costly and urgent. It calls us to trust that God has reconciled all in Christ…and to live like it is true, even when the world rages against it. Look around…prisons overflowing with bodies crushed by systems of oppression…borders fortified against the desperate…wars that turn brothers and sisters into enemies…forests burning and seas rising because of human greed…communities broken by fear, hatred and indifference. These are the hells we walk through every day, the ones the pioneers of modern universalism fought to heal with word and deed.

And still, the call comes. To live in a way that proclaims…even in the midst of injustice and violence…that love is stronger, mercy is deeper and reconciliation is inevitable. Origen gave us hope, Gregory shaped its breadth, Isaac whispered of its patience, Relly declared its reality, Murray proclaimed it aloud, De Benneville tended it in the flesh, Winchester anchored it in Scripture, Hosea Ballou made it doctrinally unshakable and Adin Ballou made it an ethical path.

The ember passes to us. The world will not wait. Love will not be postponed. To embrace the reconciliation of love is to step into the fire, to risk every comfort, to confront every injustice and to bear witness that no wound is too deep, no system too corrupt and no heart is too hardened for the mercy of God. This is the gospel we inherit, the task we cannot evade and the hope the world is starving to see made real. The reconciliation of love is here, and it demands that we live it…boldly, courageously, without compromise…until the last tear is wiped away, and every creature rests in the embrace of the One whose name is Love.

*If you would like to support the Execution Intervention Project (the organization that financially supports Dr. Hood’s work), click here.

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About The Rev. Dr. Jeff Hood

The Rev. Dr. Jeff Hood is a theologian, writer and activist who has spent years ministering to people on death row. As a spiritual advisor and witness to executions, he speaks out against state violence and calls for a society rooted in justice, mercy and the sacredness of life. You can read more about the author here.

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