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7 Dangers for Missionaries from Guilt-Innocence Cultures

7 Dangers for Missionaries from Guilt-Innocence Cultures

Last updated on: January 12, 2022 at 3:58 am by Brad Vaughn

7 Dangers for Missionaries from Guilt-Innocence Cultures 2022-01-12T03:58:42-07:00 Brad Vaughn

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A recent post on TGC warns against the dangers of becoming imbalanced when serving in honor-shame cultures. Jayson Georges’ exceptional response is a must-read.

He replies via three main points:

He poses the question, “In reality, who is unbalanced?”
The imbalance among honor-shame proponents is hypothetical, not real.
The reaction against honor-shame misrepresents the topic.

If you have not seen Jayson’s post, it’s worth reading just for the sake of the comic he uses.

Are Westerners Guilty of Under Correction?

The TGC writer, Elliot Clark, lists “5 Dangers for Missionaries in Honor-Shame Contexts.” His purpose is to “protect us from unhelpful overcorrection.” He worries “the proverbial pendulum can swing too far” towards honor-shame thinking. Jayson’s post aptly addresses these concerns, so I will offer a different approach.

In the interest of “balance,” I will offer seven dangers for missionaries from guilt-innocence cultures. They will loosely correspond to Clark’s “5 dangers.”

Disconnect Honor from Disobedience

Western missionaries routinely miss a fundamental aspect of sin. At its core, sin is a failure to honor God, i.e., reflect his worth. Writers use numerous metaphors to describe sin.

Clark rightly states that the Bible uses the law metaphor to discuss sin. He overstates the case when he says, “John succinctly defines sin as lawlessness.” First John 3:4 says, “sin is lawlessness.” If I say, “Sarah is a mother,” I have not defined “Sarah.” I have described one aspect of her identity. Likewise, “lawlessness” is only one way of describing sin.

Clark says, “When Adam failed to honor God, he transgressed the law. We dishonor by disobeying.” No and Yes. Clark’s statement muddies the mental waters. First of all, the latter is true: “We dishonor by disobeying.” This is precisely what we find in Rom 2:23–24, where Paul writes,

You who boast in the law dishonor God by breaking the law. For, as it is written, “The name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.”

Clark unwittingly concedes a critical point. The clause “by disobeying” is not the essence of the problem… dishonoring God is the core problem. The means or way someone can dishonor God is through disobeying him.

Even John Piper, a founding leader of TGC, routinely explains sin in terms of glory and honor. For instance, in a long list of descriptions, he says sin is where “the glory of God [is] not honored”[1]

Can people “obey the law” yet sin? Piper considers the case where someone obeys the commandment against adultery.

If not committing adultery comes from a heart that has no love for God and treasures many things more than God, that act of chastity is not an expression of love to God. It’s not a way of expressing his value. And so it is a dishonor to God. He is neglected, ignored, not a decisive factor, and in that sense the fruit of that heart is not good.[2]

Confuse Disobedience and Breaking Laws

This leads us to consider the problem with his first comment, “When Adam failed to honor God, he transgressed the law.” Western missionaries are prone to read the word “law” into every context where disobedience is mentioned. The problem here is layered.

First, did Adam break God’s “law”? The text of Genesis never explicitly uses legal language concerning Adam. In the Old Testament, “the law” refers to capital-L “Law,” i.e., the Mosaic covenant, which did not exist during the time of Adam. Obviously, Adam could not have “transgressed the law.” We can only say Adam broke God’s law if we read legal language back into the text.

Laws are rules, but rules are not necessarily laws.

Credit: Flickr/strupler

The Bible uses multiple metaphors for God. Various metaphors are simultaneously correct. However, how we speak of God and “sin” depends on the metaphors we use.

What if we used the metaphor of “father” to describe God in Genesis text? In the family context, one does not say a child “broke the law” of the family. The child disobeyed, but we only use “law” language in a public, legal context. In Genesis, “Father” language is every bit as legitimate a legal language (cf. Acts 17:24–29).

While never setting metaphors against one another, we should not exclude a legitimate biblical metaphor.

Ignore the Biblical (Eastern) Roots of Law

Western missionaries often forget (or never learn) that the Mosaic Law was Ancient Near Eastern covenant Law. It was not a law in the modern sense of the term. Covenants served diverse functions, such as defining the identity of a people and the obligations of those making covenant. Covenants are highly contextual; they are not timeless, abstract laws.

Yet when people forget this observation, Westerners are likely to reduce God to the role of “judge” and under stress that God is king. Remember, a king is a judge, but a judge is not necessarily a king.

Make the Mistake They Wish to Correct

Clark and others want us to remain balanced in our theology and practice. So do I! Clark says,

Just as the West has been blind in many ways to the significance of honor and shame in Scripture, we can make a similarly egregious error in Eastern cultures if we ignore concepts of law and guilt.

I would be curious who Clark has in mind. Who suggests we ignore law and guilt? I imagine he simply wants to remind us not to ignore law and guilt lest we lose balance. Yet, in trying to preserve balance, writers can perpetuate the imbalance in favor of guilt-law to the neglect of honor-shame.

flickr/gogri

Rather than get nervous about our blind spots, we need to look directly at them to gain a well-rounded picture of the world.

Allow Culture, Not Scripture, to Be Normative

I agree with Clark–– we don’t want any particular set of cultural values to trump Scripture. That is called “cultural syncretism.” Whereas Westerners tend to worry most about syncretism with “Asian,” “African,” or “Indian” cultures, they rarely seriously reflect on ways that our theology is influenced by Western culture. How might our thinking veer towards syncretism?

Likewise, we must also guard against the dangers of theological syncretism. By this, I refer to the kind of syncretism that occurs when we let our denominational subculture trump the biblical message. This happens when our church subculture mutes certain parts of Scripture or filters its interpretation through a strict grid of its own history.

Does this happen in Western Christianity?

Compromises Biblical Discipleship

Clark argues that “guilt-innocence paradigms…have a place in our discipleship.” I agree! However, he risks compromising a robust view of discipleship by settling for a merely true fact.

Yes, we should include guilt-innocence concepts. Guilt concerns right and wrong actions. On the other hand, honor and shame involve our identity, not merely one’s actions. While our actions shape our identity, they are not the only factors determining who we are.

Being a disciple is about identity. It concerns our being in Christ, having a relationship with God, belonging to the Church, God’s family from among all nations. If we ignore honor and shame, we misrepresent and compromise biblical discipleship.

Misrepresent Other Cultures

Finally, Clark says,

We must never downplay the law of Christ or the centrality of obedience as his disciple. If a host culture diminishes disobedience or lacks categories for transgression, the solution isn’t to sidestep the issue. It’s to teach believers that to honor the Master means to follow in his steps.

Again, I agree. But does Clark unwittingly succumb to a frequent caricature of honor-shame thinking? He warns that honor-shame cultures might “diminish disobedience or lacks categories for transgression.” All cultures have rules and laws that people are expected to keep. In practice, people from guilt-innocence cultures transgress their laws as much as honor-shame cultures transgress their boundaries.

We ought not to forget that people from all cultures dishonor God and fall short of the glory of God.

[1]https://www.desiringgod.org/messages/what-is-sin-the-essence-and-root-of-all-sinning

[2]https://www.desiringgod.org/messages/what-is-sin-the-essence-and-root-of-all-sinning

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See All Titles »

7 Dangers for Missionaries from Guilt-Innocence Cultures

Are Westerners Guilty of Under Correction?

Disconnect Honor from Disobedience

Confuse Disobedience and Breaking Laws

Ignore the Biblical (Eastern) Roots of Law

Make the Mistake They Wish to Correct

Allow Culture, Not Scripture, to Be Normative

Compromises Biblical Discipleship

Misrepresent Other Cultures

The Old Testament prophet Joel spoke of "wonders in the heavens and the earth, blood, fire, and pillars of smoke before the great and terrible day of the Lord." (Joel 2:30) Which one of the disciples quoted him in the book of Acts?