BuddhistCatholicContemplativeEvangelicalGeneral ChristianHinduJewishLatter-day SaintMuslimNew VisionsProgressive Christian
Beliefs
- Buddhist
- Catholic
- Contemplative
- Evangelical
- General Christian
- Hindu
- Jewish
- Latter-day Saint
- More Voices
- Muslim
- New Visions
- Pagan
- Progressive Christian
Topics
- Religion News
- Food and Religion
- Sports and Religion
- Religious Art
- Religious Music and Entertainment
- Religious Events
- History and Religion
- Style and Religion
- Politics and Religion
- Women in Religion
- Recreation Outdoors and Religion
- Business Finance and Religion
- Careers Workplace and Religion
- Education and Religion
- Family Parenting and Religion
- Health Fitness and Religion
- Home and Religion
- Relationships and Religion
- Technology and Religion
- Travel and Religion
Columnists
- Buddhist Columnists
- Business Finance and Religion Columnists
- Careers Workplace and Religion Columnists
- Catholic Columnists
- Contemplative Columnists
- Education and Religion Columnists
- Evangelists Columnists
- Family Parenting and Religion Columnists
- General Christian Columnists
- Health Fitness and Religion Columnists
- Hindu Columnists
- History and Religion Columnists
- Home and Religion Columnists
- Jewish Columnists
- More Voices Columnists
- Latter Day Columnists
- Muslim Columnists
- New Visions Columnists
- Nonreligious Columnists
- Pagan Columnists
- Politics and Religion Columnists
- Progressive Columnists
- Recreation Outdoors and Religion Columnists
- Relationships and Religion Columnists
- Religion News Columnists
- Religious Art Columnists
- Religious Events Columnists
- Religious Music and Entertainment Columnists
- Sports and Religion Columnists
- Style and Religion Columnists
- Technology and Religion Columnists
- Travel and Religion Columnists
- Women in Religion Columnists
Resource Library
- 2026 Calendar
- Library of World Religions
- The 100 Most Holy Places on Earth
- Patheos Answers
- Podcasts
- Videos
- Faith Leaders Database
- Anglican Episcopalian
- Bahai
- Baptist
- Buddhism
- Christianity
- Confucianism
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Hinduism
- Holiness and Pentecostal
- ISKCON
- Islam
- Judaism
- Lutheran
- Methodist
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- New Age
- Paganism
- Presbytarian and Reformed
- Protestantism
- Religion Behind the Scenes
- Roman Catholic
- Scientology
- Shia Islam
- Sikhism
- Sufism
- Sunni Islam
- Taoism
- Zen
- See all religions
Research Tools
Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In Subscription Support
Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In Subscription Support
- Trending:
- Forgiveness
- |
- Marriage
- |
- Consciousness
- |
- Death Penalty
- |
- Election
- |
- Halloween
- Home
- Progressive Christian
- Relationships and Religion
- Eco-Wedding Liturgy: Creation-Centered Ideas for Weddings
Eco-Wedding Liturgy: Creation-Centered Ideas for Weddings
Last updated on: May 19, 2026 at 3:53 pm by Leah D. Schade
Eco-Wedding Liturgy: Creation-Centered Ideas for Weddings 2026-05-19T15:53:12-04:00 Leah D. Schade
Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and spiritualities of the world.
Want to plan a Christian eco-wedding that incorporates God’s Creation as part of the liturgy? Here are ideas for prayers, vows, and a tree planting ceremony.

Eco-wedding tree planting. Photo by Melissa Frantz. Used with permission.
The Rev. Dr. Leah D. Schade ([email protected]) with the assistance of
The Rev. Melissa Frantz, Associate Pastor of Daytona Beach Drive-in Christian Church
Updated May 2026
For couples wanting to have a “green wedding,” there are many websites that provide ideas about how to reduce their carbon footprint and lessen their impact on Earth’s resources. But resources for a Creation-centered liturgy are difficult to find. So, with the help of Rev. Melissa Frantz, we have put together this eco-wedding liturgy. Rev. Frantz is an alumna of Lexington Theological Seminary where I teach worship and preaching. She first approached me with the need for an Earth-centered ceremony for a couple she was marrying.
We offer several options for the Words of Welcome, Opening Prayer, Scripture Passages, Declaration of Intent, Wedding Vows, Exchange of Rings, and Final Blessing. You are free to adapt these as you see fit. You’ll also find a tree-blessing ceremony for couples who want to commemorate their wedding by planting a tree. At the end of this piece is a brief list of other ideas for Earth-friendly wedding.
[To download the PDF version, click here. To download the Word version, click here. La versión en español está disponible aquí.]
WORDS OF WELCOME INCORPORATING GOD’S CREATION
(These options are written with an outdoor wedding in mind, but they can be adapted for a different location.)
Option 1
We have gathered here in the beauty of Creation and in the presence of God to give thanks for the Earth, to celebrate the gift of marriage, and to witness the joining together of [Name] & [Name]. Just as our first ancestors found love in a garden, so this couple has received the gift of a loving relationship within God’s Creation. We surround them with our prayers and ask God’s blessing upon them. We pray that they may be strengthened in their life together and nurtured in their love for one another and for God’s Creation.
Option 2
Siblings in Christ, today we gather in the beauty of God’s Creation to celebrate with [Name] & [Name] as they commit themselves to each other, to their vocation as caretakers of this Earth, and to their faith in God. As Jesus took the simple gift of water and created the sweetest wine for the wedding at Cana, we rejoice that the love of two people can be transformed into a covenant of grace, mercy, and service that blesses their family, friends, and God’s Creation.
LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
(Consider offering a land acknowledgement of the ancestral lands of Indigenous peoples where the wedding will be held. A land acknowledgement recognizes, respects, and affirms the ongoing relationship between Indigenous people and the land. Land acknowledgements also raise awareness about the Indigenous histories, perspectives, and experiences that are often suppressed or forgotten. However, this should not be just a token gesture. It should be a meaningful acknowledgement of the couple’s willingness to repair the wrongdoings of the past. For guidance on how to create a land acknowledgement, visit: https://www.randstad.ca/employers/workplace-insights/corporate-culture/how-to-create-a-land-acknowledgement/.)
BLESSING OF THE FOUR DIRECTIONS
(By Jay Rochelle, 1990, Web of Creation: http://www.webofcreation.org/Worship/liturgy/litany.htm)
Let us give thanks for the East: for the ancient hills and valleys and streams without end, for the green Atlantic from the beaches of Maine to the Florida Keys, for larch and hemlock, for black bear and mountain trout, for cardinals and eastern bluebirds, for heat in the hayfields of late August.
Response: We bless you, O God, for the East.
Let us give thanks for the West: for soaring mountains and searing deserts, for waters roaring into the Pacific Ocean, for Columbia River salmon, snow buntings and western meadowlarks, for ponderosa and Jeffrey pine, for the mists of the Oregon coast and for the Olympic peninsula.
Response: We bless you, O God, for the West.
Let us give thanks for the North, for the bright band of prairie and wheatfields stretching across the land, for the jayhawk and the loon, for the badlands of the Dakotas and the lakes of Minnesota, for northern pike and steeleye, for winding two-lane blacktops in the heart of Wyoming.
Response: We bless you, O God, for the North.
Let us give thanks for the South, for the broad Mississippi delta and the great Smokey Mountains, for the bayous of Louisiana, for magnolia trees, for the kiskadee and egret, for catfish and parrotfish, and for the cotton and the colors on the sands and strands of the southland.
Response: We bless you, O God, for the South.
OPENING PRAYER INCORPORATING GOD’S CREATION
Option 1:
Creator God, today we acknowledge you as the Source of all good things and to celebrate the love of two people who have found joy and meaning together on this Earth you have created. As [Name] and [Name] covenant together before you, their family and friends, and all Creation, we ask that you bless them with faith that reflects your love. In the name of Jesus, the Gardener, amen.
Option 2:
Creating God, your steadfast love endures forever. On this day when we rejoice in the gift of love, we are reminded of the way you have loved us through the gifts of this Earth. With [Name] & [Name], we give thanks to you who nurtures and sustains us with such wonders: the sheltering sky, the generous land, the warming sun that feeds the plants, the plants that exhale oxygen for us, the water that cleanses, nourishes, and refreshes us. Holy God, we praise you; your steadfast love endures forever. Look with favor upon [Name] & [Name] who have come seeking your blessings. Let your Holy Spirit guide them so that with steadfast love they may honor the promises they make this day. Amen.
SCRIPTURE PASSAGES SITUATING THE WEDDING WITHIN GOD’S CREATION
Genesis 1:26-31 (God created humankind in God’s image.)
Genesis 2:15-24 (God placed humankind in the garden to till and keep and created humans to be in relationship with each other.)
Psalm 8 (“O Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth.”)
Psalm 65 (God blesses humankind and all the earth.)
Psalm 121 (“My help comes from the Lord who made heaven and earth.”)
Romans 8:18-2 (Creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the Children of God.)
Colossians 1:15 – 20 (In Christ, all things in heaven and earth were created.)
Matthew 6:25-34 (Jesus pointed to the birds of the air and the flowers of the field to teach us faith and trust in God’s abundance.)
Matthew 13:1-9 (The seed that falls on good soil yields an abundance.)
DECLARATION OF INTENT INCORPORATING GOD’S CREATION
Option 1
[Name] & [Name], you have heard the word of God that spoke Creation into existence and gave each of you the breath of life. Your faith has been nurtured by your families and the church that has accompanied you along your journey. And you have felt the guidance of the Holy Spirit leading you into your individual callings to care for the Earth and support your community. Now you have found each other and are joining your two paths into one. I ask you now, before God, in the presence of this beloved community and all of Creation that bears witness, to declare your intention to enter the union of marriage with one another.
[Name], do you intend to enter into this sacred marriage with [Name]? Do you promise to be a faithful companion, a co-laborer in the Garden of this Earth, a support in times of sickness and in health, and a devoted spouse in all circumstances of your life together for as long as you both shall live? I do.
Option 2
We were created to be in relationship with each other, with the whole Creation, and with God. The gift of marriage is the foundation of human community in a joy that begins now and is brought to perfection in the life to come. There are times when sin and selfishness can test those relationships and threaten the bonds between us. But God covenants with us and all the Earth to protect and preserve life, so we are invited into those promises to sustain us in difficult times and restore our joy. [Name] & [Name], if it is your intention to share with each other your joys and sorrows, your shared love of Creation, and all that the years will bring, with your promises bind yourselves to each other in this sacred covenant.
[Name], do you promise to take [Name] as your wife/husband/spouse, trusting in our God to sustain your relationship, the good Earth to nurture your bodies and spirits, and the Spirit of Christ to guide your lives together? And do you promise to be faithful, devoted, forgiving, and loving in your marriage no matter what the years will bring until your life comes to an end? I do.
CREATION-CENTERED WEDDING VOWS
Option 1:
[Name], I take you to be my husband/wife/spouse from this time onward. I promise to join with you in our work of caring for Creation, and to share all that is to come. I promise to give and to receive, to speak and to listen, to inspire and respond. In all circumstances of our life together, in sickness and in health, I promise to be faithful to you and to the covenant God has made with us and all the Earth with my whole life and all my being until death parts us.
Option 2:
I take you, [Name], to be my wife/husband/spouse, and these things I promise you: I will be faithful to you and honest with you. I will respect, trust, help, and care for you. I will share my life with you. I will forgive you as we have been forgiven. And I will work alongside you to care for God’s Creation. All of this I promise, through the best and worst of what is to come, until death parts us.
Option 3:
I [Name] take you [Name], to be my [wife/husband/spouse]. For better or worse, richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, joy and in sorrow, I promise to love and cherish you and to be faithful to you. I covenant with you to tend, protect, nurture, and defend God’s Creation as it has been entrusted to us. This is my promise, a commitment made in love, kept in faith, and lived in hope, until death parts us.
Option 4:
I take you, [Name], to be my [wife/husband/spouse]. Before God and these witnesses, I promise to be faithful, honest, and loyal to you. I covenant with you to tend, nurture, protect, and defend God’s Creation. I promise to share all the joy and sorrow, all the good and bad, in sickness and health, and to forgive you and lift you up until my last breath is gone and I return to the Earth and our Creator God.
BLESSING AND EXCHANGE OF RINGS
Option 1:
Holy God, the circle of these rings reminds us of the never-ending cycle of care and reciprocity between you, the Earth you have created, and the whole human family. By your blessings, O God, may these rings be to [Name] & [Name] symbols of unending love and faithfulness, reminding them of the covenant they have made this day, through Jesus Christ our Lord, Amen.
[Name], with this ring I pledge myself to you as a symbol of my love, my commitment, and my faith in God and all that God has made, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Option 2:
God of Creation, as your love encircled the Earth at the beginning of Creation and continues to sustain us with your care, bless these rings that symbolize the love of [Name] & [Name]. May these rings remind them of their vows to join together in the unending cycle of life, love, and faith in you. Amen.
[Name], I give you this ring as a sign of my love, my commitment to you and all God’s Creation, and my faith sustained by God’s eternal care, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
MARRIAGE ANNOUNCEMENT AND BLESSING
Option 1:
You have made your solemn vows to each other before God, these witnesses, and all of Creation today. You have confirmed your promises by the joining of hands and by the giving and receiving of rings. It is my joy to declare that [Name] & [Name] are joined in marriage! May our Creator God bless you and keep you. May Jesus Christ guide you and be gracious with you. May the Spirit look upon you with favor and give you peace. Amen!
Option 2:
[Name] & [Name], in the presence of your friends and family, with all of Creation bearing witness, and with the blessings of our loving God, you have covenanted with each other in marriage today. With your promises and with these rings you have made this commitment in love, trust, and joy. And now it is my privilege to pronounce you married in the name of our Creator God, our Loving Savior, and our Guiding Spirit. Amen!
BLESSING FOR TREE PLANTING TO CELEBRATE THE MARRIAGE
(One way to symbolize the couple’s marriage is to plant a native tree that will grow just as their relationship grows.)

Eco-wedding tree planting. Photo by Melissa Frantz. Used with permission.
Introduction: Because caring for the Earth is important to [Name] and [Name], one of the first acts that they will do as a married couple will be to plant a [name of species] tree after the ceremony.
Prayer: God of heaven and earth, the work of your hands is made known in your bountiful Creation and in the lives of those who faithfully live their lives in your grace. Today as we celebrate the marriage of [Name and Name], we trust your promise of everlasting life and love to sustain them the way the soil, water, sun, and air will sustain this tree. Be present with us this day as we commemorate their marriage through the planting of this tree. May this sibling of our Earth-kin witness to the power of your love in our midst, deeply rooted and ever growing in your good Creation, through Jesus Christ. Amen.
Reading: Psalm 1
Blessing of the Tree: Creator of life and Sustainer of seed and soil, of tree and flower, you have created this world and all that lives in it. As [Name and Name] plant this tree as a symbol of their commitment to each other, to you, and to your Creation, we ask you to bless this tree as it both receives and gives life. May this tree’s roots reach deep into the earth and its limbs grow stronger each year as a sign of your strengthening bond in their marriage together. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Gardener who prayed among the olive trees. Amen.
OTHER IDEAS FOR AN EARTH-FRIENDLY WEDDING
Re-use a wedding dress. Using a family member’s dress or one that has been previously used not only saves costs but also reduces your impact on Earth’s resources.
Avoid single-use bridesmaids dresses. Instead of insisting that all the bridesmaids wear the same expensive dress (that they will probably only wear for this one occasion), they can wear a dress they already own. They can choose different styles within a color scheme, or each person can wear a different color reflecting a rainbow of diversity.
Choose wedding rings made of recycled materials. According to Eco Bible, **“**Behind many gold rings are mountains of toxic waste and trails of destruction,” that includes poisonous chemicals, releases harmful elements, and consumes massive amounts of water (155). To avoid harming fish, vegetation, soil, and the thousands of people harmed by mining for gold, choose rings that are passed down from family members, or purchase rings from one of the many emerging jewelry recycling companies. See “25 Eco Jewelry Brands Making Stunning Pieces out of Up-Cycled and Fair-Mined Metals,” Conscious Collective, Green Dreamer, https://consciousfashion.co/guides/eco-jewelry-brands.
Use recycled or eco-friendly products for decorations, bulletins, place settings, etc. A simple Google search will turn up numerous websites for buying and selling used and recycled items for weddings. Some include https://www.theknot.com/content/used-wedding-decor, https://ecopartytime.com/eco-wedding/, and https://savvyswarey.com/wedding-resale-websites-guide/.
Use local flowers. Shipping exotic flowers across the U.S. is costly both for the couple and for the Earth. Seek out a local florist to provide simple arrangements using native plants. For the wedding party, consider carrying a single rose and baby’s breath.
Serve a meal with organic and local foods, vegetarian options, and rented serving-ware. Utilizing a local caterer who specializes in serving organic and local foods supports local businesses and the farming community. Offering plenty of hearty vegetarian options gives people choices for the meal that use less resources than meat options. Renting serving-ware and silverware instead of using single-use plastics lessens impacts on landfills and reduces plastic waste.
Consider a local honeymoon. To reduce your carbon footprint, choose to honeymoon locally instead of flying or driving long distances. Find a bed & breakfast and take day trips to historic sites, spend time in nature, and visit local restaurants.
More websites for having an Eco-friendly wedding:
https://www.brides.com/story/earth-day-eco-friendly-wedding-ideas
https://weddings.thefuntimesguide.com/used_wedding_stuff/
https://www.brides.com/story/plastic-free-wedding
https://thebudgetsavvybride.com/eco-friendly-wedding-ideas/
[To download the PDF version, click here. To download the Word version, click here. La versión en español está disponible aquí.]
Read also
For God So Loved the World: Creation and John 3:16
Can Preachers Talk About Climate Change?
10 Principles for Environmental Preaching and Eco-Sermons
EcoPreacher 1-2-3
The Eco-Wedding Liturgy was created in partnership with the Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development, publishers of Eco Bible, a Jewish ecological commentary on the Hebrew Scriptures. We provide Creation-centered sermon preparation that is short, accessible, and based on a solid biblical foundation. To see other EcoPreacher ideas and to sign up to receive future EcoPreacher 1-2-3 installments, click here.
The Rev. Dr. Leah D. Schade is a seminary professor, ordained minister, and grant director of Compelling Preaching in a Climate-Changed World, a partnership of Lexington Theological Seminary, Creation Justice Ministries, and The BTS Center. Her opinions are her own.
Leah is the author of Preaching and Social Issues: Tools and Tactics for Empowering Your Prophetic Voice (Rowman & Littlefield, 2024), Preaching in the Purple Zone: Ministry in the Red-Blue Divide (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019) and Creation-Crisis Preaching: Ecology, Theology, and the Pulpit (Chalice Press, 2015). She is the co-editor of Rooted and Rising: Voices of Courage in a Time of Climate Crisis (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). Her book, Introduction to Preaching: Scripture, Theology, and Sermon Preparation, was co-authored with Jerry L. Sumney and Emily Askew (Rowman & Littlefield, 2023).
General Christian
Relationships and Religion
Family, Parenting and Religion
Previous Post

May 19, 2026
Liturgia De Boda Ecológica - nupcial centrada en la creación
Next Post

June 8, 2026 Preaching Ideas, July 4th: Resisting Christian Nationalism
Recent Comments
"Or, people could just realize our planet is also a living organism, a 4.5 billion ..."
Love Your Neighbor – Including Earth-Kin: ..."
"Climate change is getting attention but not enough. The study of the issue needs to ..."
Preaching About Climate Change: What Clergy ..."
"Yes! The Season of Creation is a month-long liturgical season to focus on all aspects ..."
Making Space for Eco-Grief—and Hope—in Your ..."
"The new Feast of Creation festival in the liturgical year offers an intentional opportunity for ..."
Making Space for Eco-Grief—and Hope—in Your ..."
Browse Our Archives
Select a Category Academy of Homiletics Addiction Advent AI (Artificial Intelligence) Animals Apocalypse Appalachia Ash Wednesday Baptism Bible Black Lives Matter Blade Runner Book review Children in church Christian Nationalism Christian/Islamic relations Christmas Church Clergy Climate change COVID-19 Creation Data Centers Death penalty Devotional Dialogue Doubt Earth Day Easter Ecofeminism EcoPreacher 1-2-3 ELCA ELCA Youth Gathering Election Environment/ecology Epiphany Faith Faith and Politics Feminism Film review Food Food and Faith Forgiveness Fracking Good Friday Good Omens Grief Gun violence Holy Humor Sunday Holy Week Howard Thurman ICE Immigration Indigenous wisdom Interview Jesus Kentucky Lafayette High School Marching Band Leadership Lent LGBTQIA+ Marching band Martin Luther Martin Luther King Jr. Mary Maundy Thursday Michael Sheen Mother of Jesus Nature New Year's Eve Palm Sunday Parables Pentecost Poem, Poetry Politics Poor People's Campaign Pop culture Prayers Preaching Progressive Christianity Public theology Purple Zone Racism and White Privilege Religion Religion and environment Religion and politics Religion and pop culture Religion and violence Rev. Nelson Rabell Gonzalez Sermons Spanish language resources for preaching Technology Thanksgiving Theological education theology Trees Trump Uncategorized Vegan War Women and religion Workshop Worship
Select a Month October 2026 September 2026 July 2026 June 2026 May 2026 April 2026 March 2026 February 2026 January 2026 December 2025 November 2025 October 2025 September 2025 May 2025 April 2025 March 2025 February 2025 January 2025 December 2024 November 2024 October 2024 September 2024 August 2024 July 2024 June 2024 May 2024 April 2024 March 2024 February 2024 January 2024 December 2023 November 2023 October 2023 September 2023 August 2023 July 2023 June 2023 May 2023 April 2023 March 2023 February 2023 January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017
Follow Us!
TAKE THE
Religious Wisdom Quiz
What does "Apocalypse" mean in Greek?
Select your answer to see how you score.
Revelation God's Wrath The End Destruction
Books by This Author Books by Leah D. Schade
Related posts from EcoPreacher
Love Your Neighbor – Including Earth-Kin: Lev. 19,...
Preaching About Climate Change: What Clergy Need Most
Workers in the Vineyard: Sermon Ideas for Matt....
Gleaning Sacred Abundance: Preaching Isaiah 55, Matthew 14
TRENDING AT PATHEOS Progressive Christian
What Being a Modern-Day Apostle Means to Me
In my last column, I discussed the ins and outs of modern-day...
Did Ancient China Once Worship the God of...
Across human history, a common thread weaves through the origins of the...
Love Your Neighbor – Including Earth-Kin: Lev. 19,...
God’s command to love your neighbor means acting in an ethical and...
Lead a Church Study of “Jesus and Lao...
Guest writer Jack Thomas (The Irreverent Reverend) reflects on leading his church...
Pastoral Wisdom for Responding to Sermon Pushback
Getting sermon pushback on your social justice sermon? Learn practical, Proverbs-based strategies...
Principles for Understanding the Apostolic Ministry Today
Whenever people discover that my formal ministry title is "apostle," as in...
view all Progressive Christian blogs
What Are Your Thoughts?leave a comment
Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In Subscription Support
- About Us
- 2026 Calendar
- Videos
- Podcasts
- Library of World Religions
- Faith In Media Tracker
- Advertise With Us
- Write for Us
- Privacy Policy
- Terms of Service
- Do Not Sell My Data
- Contact Us
- Radiant Digital
- Manage Newsletter Subscriptions
- Unsubscribe From Notifications
- Sitemap
Copyright 2008-2026, Patheos. All rights reserved.
Subscription Support Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In











