Buddhist Catholic Contemplative Evangelical General Christian Hindu Jewish Latter-day Saint Muslim New Visions Progressive Christian

Beliefs

Topics

Columnists

Resource Library

Research Tools

Video

Podcasts

Thought Readers

Faith In Media Tracker

Newsletters

Ad-Free & Subscriber Log-In Subscription Support

Follow Patheos

Home
Catholic
History and Religion
Trinitarianism and Christology (Index Page)

Trinitarianism and Christology (Index Page)

Last updated on: October 3, 2026 at 4:18 am by Dave Armstrong

Trinitarianism and Christology (Index Page) 2026-10-03T04:18:00-04:00 Dave Armstrong

LOGO Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and spiritualities of the world.

Trinity2

Basic minimal (equilateral triangular) version of the “Shield of the Trinity” or “Scutum Fidei” diagram of traditional Christian symbolism [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

*****

TABLE OF CONTENTS

***

I. CHRISTOLOGY / DEITY OF JESUS CHRIST

II. EVENTS IN JESUS’ LIFE / JESUS’ TEACHING

III. DIALOGUES WITH JEWISH APOLOGIST MICHAEL J. ALTER ON JESUS’ RESURRECTION AND ALLEGED NT “CONTRADICTIONS”

IV. JESUS AND MARY

V. YOUNG MESSIAH FILM (2016) / KNOWLEDGE OF JESUS

VI. TRINITARIANISM / THE HOLY TRINITY / THE HOLY SPIRIT

VII. THEOLOGY PROPER (THEOLOGY OF GOD) / GOD’S ATTRIBUTES AND NATURE

VIII. GOD AS JUDGE

IX. THEISTIC ARGUMENTS

***

I. CHRISTOLOGY / DEITY OF JESUS CHRIST

Jesus is God: Hundreds of Biblical Proofs and Evidences (KJV edition) [1982; rev. 1997]

Jesus is God: Hundreds of Biblical Proofs (300 Biblical Proofs + Many Additional Related Cross-References) (RSV edition) [1982; rev. 2012 and 11-26-24]

Lenten Meditation: NT Teaching on Suffering with Christ [1996]

Could Jesus Have Possibly Sinned (Denial of Impeccability)? [1997]

Dialogue on C. S. Lewis’ “Trilemma” (Jesus’ Claims) [1998]

“Xmas” and the Christian “Fish”: Etymology & History [12-22-98]

Isaiah 53: Jewish-Christian Dialogue: Is the “Servant” the Messiah (Jesus) or Collective Israel? (vs. Ari G. [Orthodox] ) [9-14-01, with much research from 1982]

The Last Temptation of Christ & Cinematic Historical & Theological Accuracy + Christian Filmmaker’s Creed (with Dr. Stanley D. Williams) [12-4-01]

Dialogue w Jehovah’s Witness on Christology & Trinitarianism (+ Part Two / Part Three / Part Four) [11-3-03]

Reply to Muslim Apologist Shabir Ally on Trinitarianism [5-14-04]

Nestorian Heresy and the Tempting of Jesus [4-19-05]

Did Jesus Jesus Have Children? (“Offspring”: Isaiah 53:10) [5-30-06]

Lutherans, Corpus Christi, & Eucharistic Adoration [6-18-07]

Orthodox Catholic Christology: A Theological Primer [11-13-07]

Jesus’ Soul, Two Natures, and “Worship” of the Father [3-28-08]

Prayer to Jesus in the New Testament [6-7-08]

Dialogue: Original Sin, Jesus, & Mary’s Immaculate Conception [9-4-08]

Jesus & God the Father: Sinful Due to Being Tempted? [9-9-08]

Passover in Judaism & a Mass that Transcends Time (“Past Events Become Present Today”/ Survey of “Remember” in Scripture) [7-7-09]

The Timeless Crucifixion & the Sacrifice of the Mass [9-25-09]

Eucharist: Rationalism, Nestorianism, & Docetism (vs. Calvin #44) [11-30-09]

Bizarre “Eucharistic Christology” vs. Tertullian (vs. Calvin #45) [12-1-09]

Early Christology: Development in Relation to Councils & Creeds (vs. David Waltz) [2-6-10]

Sacred / Immaculate Heart Devotions & the Bible [6-8-10]

Reply to Atheist on “Fabricated” OT Messianic Prophecies (ProfMTH”‘s Video Jesus Was Not the Messiah – Pt. I) [7-1-10]

Reply to Atheist on Isaiah 53 & “Dishonest” Christians [7-2-10]

Reply to Atheist on Messianic Prophecies (Zech 13:6, Ps 22) [7-3-10]

Jesus’ Death: Proof of a “Bloodthirsty” God, or Loving Sacrifice? (primarily written to and for atheists) [7-21-10]

Sacred Heart and Immaculate Heart: Biblical Reflections [11-23-10]

Deity of Jesus: Called Lord/Kurios & God/Theos [10-24-11]

Thoughts on the Blasphemy & Heresy of Arius (Who Thought Jesus Was Created) [1-3-14]

William Lane Craig’s Christological Errors (Monothelitism +) [+ Biblical Evidence Against Monothelitism (Denial of Jesus’ Possession of Both Human and Divine Wills) ] [7-31-10 + 9-7-13 + 1-30-14]

The Unanswered Prayers of Jesus & Our Free Will [2015]

Satan Tempting Jesus as a Proof of His Divinity [2015]

New Atheist Low: Mythical “Jesus” Like Manson? [11-10-15]

Thread About What Jesus Really Looked Like (Emphasis on the Shroud) [Facebook, 11-30-16]

50 Biblical Proofs That Jesus is God [National Catholic Register, 2-12-17]

Biblical Proof of Jesus’ Divinity Based on His Statement of “Divine Presence” Compared with Jewish Oral Tradition [Facebook, 2-14-17]

On Feminine Metaphors, Pronouns, & Attributes of God [9-22-17]

Armstrong vs. Collins & Walls #11: Good & Bad Monothelite Heretics (Honorius & Wm. Lane Craig) [10-22-17]

Sola Scriptura Can’t Definitively Refute Christological Heresy (The Sad Case of Evangelical Apologist and Philosopher Dr. William Lane Craig and Monothelitism) [10-22-17]

Omnipotent & Omniscient God & “Absolute Proof” of Same [5-22-18]

Seidensticker Folly #24: Paul’s Massive Ignorance of Jesus (?) [10-5-18]

Can the Prayers of Jesus Go Unanswered? [National Catholic Register, 6-10-19]

Vs. Pasqualucci Re Vatican II #1: Gaudium et Spes (Incarnation) [7-11-19]

Jesus Said He Was God: Reply to Ex-Christian Atheist [7-30-19]

Isaiah Foretells the Gospel & the Suffering Messiah [8-20-19]

David Madison: Synoptics vs. John Re Jesus’ Will & Passion? [8-22-19]

Vs. Atheist David Madison #40: Jesus: All Sexual Desire is Lust? (Replies to some of the most clueless atheist “arguments” to ever enter the mind of a sentient human being . . .) [12-18-19]

Vs. Atheist David Madison #42: Jesus vs. Financial Responsibility? [12-19-19]

Seidensticker Folly #55: Godhood of Jesus in the Synoptics [9-12-20]

The Bible is Clear — Jesus is True God and True Man [National Catholic Register, 9-12-20]

Seidensticker Folly #56: Many Jesuses in the New Testament? [9-13-20]

9 Ways Jesus Tells Us He is God in the Synoptic Gospels [National Catholic Register, 10-28-20]

Jesus the “Nazarene”: Did Matthew Make Up a “Prophecy”? (Reply to Jonathan M. S. Pearce from the Blog, A Tippling Philosopher / Oral Traditions and Possible Lost Old Testament Books Referred to in the Bible) [12-17-20]

Jesus the “Nazarene” Redux (vs. Jonathan M. S. Pearce) [12-19-20]

“Gospel of Thomas” Isn’t an Authentic Gospel [10-20-21]

Could Jesus Have Possibly Inherited Original Sin? (Was Mary’s Immaculate Conception Necessary to Prevent Such a Scenario, or Only “Fitting”? Jesus’ Two Natures & Impeccability) [11-11-21]

Ehrman Errors #2: Jesus is God in the Synoptics (With Emphasis on the Term “Son of God” Applied to Jesus in Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and Its Implications) [3-19-22]

Ehrman Errors #8: Jesus: Synoptics vs. John? (Jesus “Scarcely” Talks About Himself in the Synoptics? No Parables At All in John?) [3-24-22]

Ehrman Errors #10: Jesus is God in Mark (“Receiving” Jesus is Receiving God the Father, from Whom He Was “Sent”) [3-25-22]

Who’s Ignorant: “Schizo Jesus” or Bishop James White? [10-19-22]

Defense of Immortal, Conscious Souls (vs. Lucas Banzoli): #8 (Banzoli’s Soul Sleep Leads Him to Believe That the Soul of Jesus Christ “Died” — Didn’t Exist — Between His Death and Resurrection, and That He was Unconscious in His Human Nature During That Time ) [11-14-22]

Lucas Banzoli Holds to a Seventh-Day Adventist Eschatology and Christology [11-22-22]

“Can Scripture Tell Us Who Jesus Is?” (Protestant Daniel Mynyk & William Lane Craig’s Monothelitism) [Facebook, 8-20-24]
*

Lucas Banzoli Sez the Archangel Michael is Jesus [4-29-25]

VIDEO Short: Jesus Proved He Was God in Six Ways in Matthew [see also the transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights, 1-21-26]

Jesus’ Face Reconstructed from the Shroud [Facebook, 10-3-26]

II. EVENTS IN JESUS’ LIFE / JESUS’ TEACHING

The Resurrection: Hoax or History? [cartoon tract with art by Dan Grajek: 1985]

Silly Atheist Arguments vs. the Resurrection & Miracles [2002]

The Passion of the Christ: Review and Reflections [2-29-04; abridged and edited on 4-10-17]

Silent Night: A “Progressive” and “Enlightened” Reinterpretation [12-10-04; additionally edited for publication at National Catholic Register: 12-21-17]

“Three Days and Nights” in the Tomb: Contradiction? [10-31-06]

12 Disciples of Jesus: Alleged Contradictions Debunked [12-9-06]

Dialogue with Lutherans on Jesus’ Descent Into Hell [2-1-07]

Coming Down from Heaven (Jesus’ Carol) — My 9th Christmas Poem [12-23-09]

Dialogue w Atheist: Joseph of Arimathea “Contradictions” (??) (Lousy Atheist Exegesis Example #5672) [1-7-11]

Dialogue w Atheist on Post-Resurrection “Contradictions” [1-26-11]

The Census, Jesus’ Birth in Bethlehem, & History [2-3-11]

Jesus’ Agony in Gethsemane vs. “Be Not Anxious”? [3-15-11]

Joseph’s Carol (My 12th Christmas Poem) [12-6-13]

The Biblical “Fool” & Proverbial Literary Genre: Did Paul and Peter Disobey Jesus and Risk Hellfire (Calling Folks “Fools”)? Did Jesus Contradict Himself? Or Do Proverbs and Hyperbolic Utterances Allow Exceptions? [2-5-14]

Archaeology & Jesus’ Baptism “Beyond the Jordan” [8-11-14]

Archaeology: Jesus’ Crucifixion, Tomb, & the Via Dolorosa [9-18-14]

Archaeology & St. Peter’s House in Capernaum [9-23-14]

Visiting the Mount of Transfiguration & Nazareth [10-20-14]

My Holy Land Journal: Church of the Holy Sepulchre [10-26-14]

Walking Where Jesus Walked [10-31-14]

Sermon on the Mount: Striking Topographical Facts [Nov. 2014]

Visiting Golgotha: A Sublimely Moving Spiritual Experience [Nov. 2014]

Books by Dave Armstrong: Footsteps that Echo Forever: My Holy Land Pilgrimage [11-8-14]

Description of My Book: Footsteps That Echo Forever: My Holy Land Pilgrimage [Nov. 2014]

Signs in Jerusalem: How God Can Speak to You Through ‘Coincidence’ [my visit to the Pool of Siloam, Seton Magazine, 12-17-14]

I Was Blessed to Visit Bethlehem in 2014. What Joy! [National Catholic Register, 12-31-17; originally 12-26-14]

God: Historical Arguments (Copious Resources) [11-9-15]

Carol of the Angels (My 13th Christmas Poem) [12-7-15]

Did Jesus Descend to Hell, Sheol, or Paradise After His Death? [National Catholic Register, 4-17-17]

Reply to Atheist Jonathan MS Pearce: Herod’s Death & Alleged “Contradictions” (with Jimmy Akin) [7-25-17]

Reply to Atheist Jonathan MS Pearce: “Mistranslation” of “Virgin”? (Isaiah 7:14) (with Glenn Miller) [7-26-17]

Reply to Atheist Jonathan MS Pearce: “Contradictory” Genealogies of Christ? [7-27-17]

Reply to Atheist Jonathan MS Pearce: Bethlehem & Nazareth “Contradictions” (Including Extensive Exegetical Analysis of Micah 5:2) [7-28-17]

December 25th Birth of Jesus?: Interesting Considerations [12-11-17]

Dialogue w Atheist: Jesus, Thor, & “Evidence” for God [5-22-18]

Seidensticker Folly #4: Jesus Never Existed, Huh? [8-14-18]

Seidensticker Folly #15: Jesus’ Ascension: One or 40 Days? [9-10-18]

Seidensticker Folly #18: Resurrection “Contradictions”? [9-17-18]

No OT Judgment = No 2nd Coming & Last Judgment [10-8-18]

Seidensticker Folly #30: Small vs. Great Commission? [10-26-18]

Was Christ Actually Born Dec. 25? [National Catholic Register, 12-18-18]

The Bethlehem Nativity, Babe Ruth, and History [National Catholic Register, 1-1-19]

Are the Two Genealogies of Christ Contradictory? [National Catholic Register, 1-5-19]

Seidensticker Folly #31: Jesus’ Burial Spices Contradiction? [4-20-19]

Jesus Didn’t Always Turn the Other Cheek (Proverbs) [7-6-19]

What Does “Turn the Other Cheek” Mean? [National Catholic Register, 7-20-19]

Caiaphas’ Unjust Accusation of Jesus as a Blasphemer [8-2-19]

Dr. David Madison vs. Jesus #3: Nature & Time of 2nd Coming [8-3-19]

Why Jesus Was So Unpopular (Parallel with Socrates) [8-17-19]

Did Jesus Teach His Disciples to Hate Their Families? [National Catholic Register, 8-17-19]

David Madison vs. the Gospel of Mark #8: Ch. 9 (“Mean” Jesus) [8-19-19]

David Madison vs. the Gospel of Mark #10: Chapter 11 (Two Donkeys? / Fig Tree / Moneychangers) [8-20-19]

Why Did Jesus Cleanse the Temple (Moneychangers)? [9-1-19]

Why Jesus Opposed the Moneychangers in the Temple [National Catholic Register, 9-26-19]

Jesus’ Agony in Gethsemane: Was it “Anxiety”? [National Catholic Register, 10-29-19]

Vs. Atheist David Madison #39: Jesus the Xenophobic Bigot? (And did Jesus minister exclusively to Jews and not Gentiles at all: an alleged Gospel inconsistency)? [12-12-19]

Jesus’ Resurrection: Scholarly Defenses of its Historicity [4-12-20]

Jesus’ “Brothers” Were “Unbelievers”? (Jason also claims that “Mary believed in Jesus,” but wavered, and had a “sort of inconsistent faith”) (vs. Jason Engwer) [5-27-20]

Dialogue on Whether Jesus’ Kinfolk Were “Unbelievers” (vs. Dr. Lydia McGrew) [5-28-20]

On Whether Jesus’ “Brothers” Were “Unbelievers” [National Catholic Register, 6-11-20]

Did Jesus Minister Exclusively to Jews and not Gentiles? [7-2-20] * Did Jesus Heal and Preach to Only Jews? No! [National Catholic Register, 7-19-20]

Seidensticker Folly #48: Peter’s Denials & Accusers [8-31-20]

Seidensticker Folly #57: Male Witnesses of the Dead Jesus [9-14-20]

Seidensticker Folly #58: Jesus Erred on Time of 2nd Coming? (with David Palm) [10-7-20]

Star of Bethlehem, Astronomy, Wise Men, & Josephus (Amazing Astronomically Verified Data in Relation to the Journey of the Wise Men & Jesus’ Birth & Infancy) [12-14-20]

Timeline: Star of Bethlehem, Herod’s Death, & Jesus’ Birth (Chronology of Harmonious Data from History, Archaeology, the Bible, and Astronomy) [12-15-20]

Making Merry at Christmas: Clear Biblical Models [12-23-20]

Christmas: Theological (Reformed / Calvinist) Opposition . . . With My Biblical and Historical Refutations [12-16-20]

Dual Fulfillment of Prophecy & the Virgin Birth (vs. JMS Pearce) [12-18-20]

Conjunctions, the Star of Bethlehem and Astronomy [National Catholic Register, 12-21-20]

Pearce’s Potshots #11: 28 Defenses of Jesus’ Nativity (Featuring Confirmatory Historical Tidbits About the Magi and Herod the Great) [1-9-21]

Herod’s Slaughter of the Innocents: Myth & Fiction? [2-10-21]

Refuting 59 of Michael Alter’s Resurrection “Contradictions” [3-12-21]

12 Alleged Resurrection “Contradictions” That Aren’t Really Contradictions [National Catholic Register, 4-7-21]

Jesus’ Last Words: Biblical “Contradictions”? [4-8-21]

11 More Resurrection “Contradictions” That Aren’t Really Contradictions [National Catholic Register, 5-8-21]

Pearce’s Potshots #52: No Tomb for Jesus? (Skeptical Fairy Tales and Fables vs. the Physical Corroborating Evidence of Archaeology in Jerusalem) [11-10-21]

Seidensticker Folly #76: Resurrection Eyewitnesses [12-7-21]

Christmas & Dec. 25th: Not Derived from Saturnalia (Nor from Sol Invictus . . .) [12-8-21]

Pearce’s Potshots #64: Archaeology & 1st Century Nazareth [2-25-22]

Quirinius & Luke’s Census: Resources on the “Difficulty” [2-26-22]

Pearce’s Potshots #65: Who First Visited Baby Jesus? [2-26-22]

Pearce’s Potshots #66: Bethlehem Joseph / Census Issues [2-28-22]

A Fresh Look at Joseph, Mary and Bethlehem [National Catholic Register, 3-25-22]

Carrier Critique #2: Crucifixion Eclipse? [3-30-22]

Darkness at Jesus’ Crucifixion — Solar Eclipse or Sandstorm? [National Catholic Register, 4-15-22]

Christ’s Descent Into Hades (vs. Francois Turretin) (Biblical and Patristic Support Examined) [9-1-22]

Opinion of The Chosen (lively discussion thread) [Facebook, 1-17-23]
*

Dan Barker’s Easter Challenge (Chronology of Accounts) [3-18-23]

Cana: Archaeological Comparison of “Rival” Sites [3-29-23]
*

The Word Set in Stone: “Volume Two”: More Evidence of Archaeology, Science, and History Backing Up the Bible (free book with 100 sections) [5-25-23]
*

Judas’ “Thirty Coins of Silver”: Archaeology & History [6-18-23]

Sinless(?) Joseph, John the Baptist, Anne, & the Incarnation [7-18-23]

Reply #1 to J. Oliveira: Jesus & Extrabiblical Tradition [9-27-23]
*

What We Know About Nazareth at the Time of Jesus [National Catholic Register, 11-24-23]
*

Did Jesus Heal “All” in One Incident (Mt 8:16; Lk 4:40), or “Many” but Not All (Mk 1:34)? [Catholic365, 12-2-23]

Jesus’ Infancy: Allegedly Contradictory Accounts (Ch. 7 of my book [available for free online], Inspired!: 191 Supposed Biblical Contradictions Resolved) [12-5-23]

Jesus’ Passion & Crucifixion: Supposedly Clashing Reports (Ch. 8 of my book [available for free online], Inspired!: 191 Supposed Biblical Contradictions Resolved) [12-6-23]
*

Jesus’ Burial & Resurrection: Harmonious Biblical Accounts (Ch. 9 of my book (available for free online), Inspired!: 191 Supposed Biblical Contradictions Resolved) [12-7-23]
*

“The Chosen”: Best Cinematic Gospel Ever [2-21-24]
*

50 OT Messianic Prophecies Fulfilled by Jesus [initial research from 1982; slightly revised in 1997; revised and reformatted for RSV edition in 2012; separated from the larger article on 11-26-24]
*

From Moses to the Messiah: Oral Tradition Heard in Jesus’ Teachings [National Catholic Register, 1-26-25]

The Jewish Roots of Christianity: How Jesus and the Apostles Kept the Law [National Catholic Register, 2-15-25]

III. DIALOGUES WITH JEWISH APOLOGIST MICHAEL J. ALTER ON JESUS’ RESURRECTION AND ALLEGED NT “CONTRADICTIONS”

Resurrection Debate #1: Preliminaries & Premises [4-16-21]

Resurrection Debate #2: Date of Jesus’ Death . . . Including the Analogy of Historical Skepticism Against Many Renowned Persons from the Hebrew Bible [4-17-21]

Resurrection Debate #3: Did Jesus Publicly Claim to Be the Messiah? [4-19-21]

Resurrection Debate #4: No “Leafy Branches” on Palm Sunday? [4-19-21]

Resurrection (?) #5: Did Jesus Claim to be Our Savior? [4-20-21]

Resurrection (?) #6: “Three Days and Three Nights” [4-21-21]

Resurrection (?) #7: Crucified Thieves Taunting Jesus [4-21-21]

Resurrection (?) #8: Disciples Forsaking Jesus [4-23-21]

Resurrection (?) #9: The Women at the Crucifixion [4-23-21]

Resurrection (?) #10: “Blood & Water” & Medical Science [4-25-21]

Resurrection #11: “All the Council” / Joseph of Arimathea? [4-25-21]

Resurrection #12: Who Buried Jesus? [4-26-21]

Resurrection #13: Guards at the Tomb & Historiography [4-27-21]

Resurrection #14: When Was the Stone Rolled Away? [4-27-21]

Resurrection #15: Luke & Jesus’ Galilee Appearances [4-28-21]

Resurrection #16: Peter & John at the Empty Tomb [4-28-21]

Resurrection #17: Women Who Saw the Risen Jesus [4-29-21]

Resurrection #18: “Touch Me Not” & Mary Magdalene [4-29-21]

Resurrection #19: When Was Judas Paid? [4-30-21]

Resurrection #20: Motivation of Judas’ Betrayal [4-30-21]

Resurrection #21: Chronology of Judas’ Evil Plans [5-1-21]

Resurrection #22: Did Judas Repent Or Not? [5-2-21]

Resurrection #23: How Did Judas Die? [5-3-21]

Resurrection #24: Judas & the Potter’s Field [5-3-21]

Resurrection #25: NT Writers: Unethical Mythmakers? [5-4-21]

Resurrection #26: “Twelve” or Eleven Disciples? [5-4-21]

Resurrection #27: Jesus’ View of Unbelief & Evidence [5-5-21]

Resurrection #28: Remission of Sins “Contradictions”? [5-5-21]

Resurrection #29: Supposed Absence of the Ascension [5-6-21]

IV. JESUS AND MARY

Mary’s Perpetual Virginity “In Partu” (a Miraculous, Non-Natural Childbirth) is a Binding Catholic Dogma [9-24-08; expanded 9-21-15]

Mary Mother of God: Protestant Founders Agree [10-10-08]

“Mother of God”: Quick, Effective Biblical Proof [12-11-08]

Mary’s Carol (My 8th Xmas Poem) [12-14-08]

Can We Honor Jesus Christ Through His Mother Mary? (vs. John Cranman) [4-9-15]

Mary the Mother of God: Idolatry or Plainly Biblical? [10-8-15]

Is the Rosary Christ-Centered? [5-25-16]

Jesus’ “Brothers” Were “Unbelievers”? (Jason also claims that “Mary believed in Jesus,” but wavered, and had a “sort of inconsistent faith”) (vs. Jason Engwer) [5-27-20]

Dialogue on Whether Jesus’ Kinfolk Were “Unbelievers” (vs. Dr. Lydia McGrew) [5-28-20]

Did the Blessed Virgin Mary Think Jesus Was Nuts? [7-2-20]

Seidensticker Folly #50: Mary Thought Jesus Was Crazy? (And Does the Gospel of Mark Radically Differ from the Other Gospels in the “Family vs. Following Jesus” Aspect?) [9-8-20]

Luther & James Swan Blaspheme (Christ’s Sinlessness) [9-10-20]

“Mary Did You Know” Jesus Was God? (She Knew it Based on the Annunciation, and Various Events Concerning His Birth and Infancy) [11-22-21]

Dialogue: Institutional Jewish Opposition to Jesus (Was it Based on His Claim to be the Messiah, or Because He Also Claimed to be God? Also, Further Discussion on Mary’s Knowledge — or Lack Thereof — of His Divinity) [11-23-21]

V. YOUNG MESSIAH FILM (2016) / KNOWLEDGE OF JESUS

Jesus Had to Learn That He Was God? [2007]

Limitations of Christ’s Knowledge? Exegetical “Difficulties” Examined [4-8-11]

Biblical Evidence for Jesus’ Omniscience [10-21-11]

Was Jesus Confused About His Mission? [9-8-15]

Young Messiah Denies Christological Certainties [3-12-16]

Jesus Always Knew He Was God (Young Messiah) [3-14-16]

Young Messiah, Dramatic License, & Biblical Theology [3-18-16]

Jesus’ Self-Knowledge & the Magisterium (with Jimmy Akin) [3-22-16]

Jesus’ Beatific Vision (Young Messiah) [4-4-16]

VI. TRINITARIANISM / THE HOLY TRINITY / THE HOLY SPIRIT

The Holy Trinity: Hundreds of Biblical Proofs and Evidences (KJV edition) [1982]

Holy Trinity: Hundreds of Biblical Proofs (RSV edition) [1982; rev. 2012]

Filioque: Catholic-Orthodox Dialogue (William Klimon) [July 1997]

Reply to Atheist Queries Re God (Esp. Trinity & Salvation) [late April 2001]

The Sufficiency & Perspicuity of Scripture & the Trinity [6-16-03]

Dialogue w Jehovah’s Witness on Christology & Trinitarianism (+ Part Two / Part Three / Part Four) [11-3-03]

Reply to Muslim Apologist Shabir Ally on Trinitarianism [5-14-04]

Holy Trinity: Some Analogies to Help Us Comprehend [9-7-05]

Holy Trinity: Not Demonstrable From Scripture Alone? [5-4-08]

Circumincession: 50 Cent Trinitarian Word [6-7-08]

Holy Spirit, Procession, & the Father’s & Son’s Love [7-3-09]

Dialogue: Real Presence vs. [?] Holy Spirit’s Indwelling [8-15-09]

Baptismal Formula: Trinitarian or in Jesus’ Name Only? [3-10-08; rev. 3-2-10]

Dialogue on the “Western” View of the Holy Trinity, Monarchia, Procession, Etc. (vs. David Waltz and Drake Shelton) [3-5-12]

Books by Dave Armstrong: Theology of God: Biblical, Chalcedonian Trinitarianism and Christology [11-14-12]

On Mystery & Reason in Theology [4-5-16]

50 Biblical Evidences for the Holy Trinity [National Catholic Register, 11-14-16]

Seidensticker Folly #9: Trinity Unclear in the Bible? [8-17-18]

Seidensticker Folly #40: Craig, Trinity Definition, & Analogies [4-17-20]

Seidensticker Folly #71: Spirit-God “Magic”; 68% Dark Energy Isn’t? [2-2-21]

Is Jesus Our Only Paraclete and Intercessor? [Facebook, 12-28-23]
*

The Holy Spirit is a Person: 125 Bible Passages [12-26-24]
*

VII. THEOLOGY PROPER (THEOLOGY OF GOD) / GOD’S ATTRIBUTES AND NATURE

Reply to Atheist Queries Re God (Esp. Trinity & Salvation) [late April 2001]

Dialogue w Mormon Apologist: God & Doctrinal Development (vs. Dr. Barry Bickmore) (+ Part Two) [12-22-01]

Thoughts on God’s Omniscience, Immutability, & Timelessness [11-3-03]

Is God in Time? (vs. John W. Loftus) [11-30-06]

Does Catholicism Equate Allah & Yahweh? [11-18-07]

Christian Mysteries (Like God’s Timelessness) & Reason [5-22-08]

God is Immutable and Outside of Time (De Fide Dogma) [1-17-09]

God’s Immutability, Omniscience, and Timelessness (Atemporality): Can God “Change His Mind”? [1-17-09]

Church Fathers: God is Immutable, Simple, & Outside of Time [1-18-09]

Church Fathers on God & Emotions, & Anthropomorphism [1-18-09]

Anthropopathism and Anthropomorphism: Biblical Data (God Condescending to Human Limitations of Understanding) [1-20-09]

Can God Change His Mind?: Four Dogmatic Arguments [1-26-09]

Did God Command Jephthah to Burn His Daughter? [6-8-09]

Bible: God Shares Glory with His Creatures [1-3-10]

Loving Ourselves (Since God Loves Us So Much!) [4-26-10]

God’s “Valentine”: His Love, Mercy, & Compassion [2-13-11]

Biblical Evidence for Worship of God Via an Image [6-4-11]

Blasphemy Against Creatures & Things: Not Just Against God: A Biblical Exposition [11-30-11]

Doctrine of Divine Simplicity [9-29-12]

Is God the Author of Evil? (vs. John Calvin) [Oct. 2012]

William Lane Craig’s Christological Errors (Monothelitism +) [+ Biblical Evidence Against Monothelitism (Denial of Jesus’ Possession of Both Human and Divine Wills) ] [7-31-10 + 9-7-13 + 1-30-14]

Should God the Father be Visually Depicted in Paintings? [2015]

Does God “Want” Men to Sin? Does He “Ordain” Sin? [2-17-10 and 3-16-17]

Is God Alone Holy, According to Scripture? Or Can We Be Too? [5-3-17]

Thoughts on the Level of Our “Comprehension” of God (St. John Chrysostom) (dialogue with Deacon Steven D. Greydanus) [Facebook, 9-14-17]

On Feminine Metaphors, Pronouns, & Attributes of God [9-22-17]

Omnipotent & Omniscient God & “Absolute Proof” of Same [5-22-18]

Knowing More About God than We Did 800 Years Ago [8-9-18]

Seidensticker Folly #3: Falsehoods About God & Free Will [8-14-18]

Seidensticker Folly #7: No Conditional Prayer in Scripture? [8-16-18]

Seidensticker Folly #19: Torah & OT Teach Polytheism? [9-18-18]

Seidensticker Folly #20: An Evolving God in the OT? (God’s Omnipotence, Omniscience, & Omnipresence in Early Bible Books & Ancient Jewish Understanding) [9-18-18]

Seidensticker Folly #28: Lies About Bible “Contradictions” (1. Christians don’t sin? 2. Universalism? 3. “Tomb evangelism”. 4. Can human beings see God or not?) [Angel of the Lord] [10-23-18]

We Can’t Demand That God Directly Communicate to Us or Answer Prayer Exactly as We Want Him to (and God’s non-answer is no reason to leave the faith) [blog combox, 2-23-19]

Did God Immorally “Murder” King David’s Innocent Child? (God’s Providence and Permissive Will, and Hebrew Non-Literal Anthropomorphism) [5-6-19]

Seidensticker Folly #33: Clueless Re Biblical Anthropopathism [7-24-19]

Seidensticker Folly #34: Does God “Regret” or “Repent”? [7-25-19]

Seidensticker Folly #35: Is God an Inveterate Liar? [7-25-19]

Madison vs. Jesus #6: Narcissistic, Love-Starved God? [8-6-19]

Madison vs. Jesus #7: God Prohibits Some Folks’ Repentance? [8-6-19]

If God Needs Nothing, Why Does He Ask For So Much? (Is God “Narcissistic” or “Love-Starved?) [National Catholic Register, 8-22-19]

David Madison vs. Paul and Romans #11: Chapter 11 (“Scary” & “Vindictive” Yahweh? / Endless Stupefied Insults of God / Judgment Explained Yet Again) [8-30-19]

Does God Ever Actively Prevent Repentance? [National Catholic Register, 9-1-19]

Loftus Atheist Error #6: Is God “Love” or a “Moral Monster”? [9-9-19]

Loftus Atheist Error #8: Ancient Jews, “Body” of God, & Polytheism [9-10-19]

Seidensticker Folly #38: Eternal Universe vs. an Eternal God [4-16-20]

Ward’s Whoppers #6: Meaning of “Knowing” God’s Name [5-18-20]

Ward’s Whoppers #15-16: God & Omniscience / Worship [5-20-20]

Who Caused Job to Suffer — God or Satan? [National Catholic Register, 6-28-20]

Do the OT & NT Teach Polytheism or Henotheism? [7-1-20]

The Bible Teaches That Other “Gods” are Imaginary [National Catholic Register, 7-10-20]

Seidensticker Folly #47: Does God Need Praise? [8-31-20]

Seidensticker Folly #51: God and Praise, Part II [9-8-20]

Does God Have Any Need of Praise? [National Catholic Register, 9-24-20]

God in Heaven & in His Temple: Contradiction? (vs. Dr. Steven DiMattei) [11-23-20]

God in Heaven and in His Temple: Biblical Difficulty? [National Catholic Register, 12-10-20]

Seidensticker Folly #71: Spirit-God “Magic”; 68% Dark Energy Isn’t? [2-2-21]

Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Light of the World [National Catholic Register, 2-17-21]

Pearce’s Potshots #30: Passover Disproves God’s Omniscience? [5-27-21]

Seidensticker Folly #73: Philosophy & “Who Created God?” [7-12-21]

Pearce’s Potshots #45: “Unholy Questions” for God [8-29-21]

Seidensticker Folly #74: Omniscient God & Clueless Bob [9-17-21]

“Nature Miracles”: Natural Hypotheses for God’s Actions (For Example: Noah’s Flood, Parting of the Red Sea, Quails, Earth Swallowing up Sinners, Sodom & Gomorrah, & Water from the Rocks) [10-30-21]

Seidensticker Folly #75: Why a Universe at All? [11-5-21]

Debate: a Universe Self-Created from Nothing? [11-9-21]

Exchanges with Atheists About God’s Attributes (Pearce’s Potshots #53: Omniscience, Omnipotence, Foreknowledge, Judgment, Animals & Humans, Free Will, Anthropomorphism, & Anthropopathism) [11-12-21]

Determinism vs. Free Will, & God’s Immutability, Omniscience, Foreknowledge, & Providence [Facebook, 1-2-23]

God’s Providence, Miracles & Natural Events [4-20-23]
*

Bible on God’s Revealed Nature & Character (Ch. 6 of the book, Inspired!: 191 Supposed Biblical Contradictions Resolved: which examines examples of alleged biblical contradictions & disproves all of these patently false claims) [12-5-23]
*

Anthropomorphism and Anthropopathism: Non-Literal Biblical Descriptions of God and His Attributes (Appendix of my book (available for free online), Inspired!: 191 Supposed Biblical Contradictions Resolved) [12-7-23]

18-Month Family Nightmare Over / 20 Signs from God [providence] [9-19-25]

VIII. GOD AS JUDGE

Judgment of Nations: A Collection of Biblical Passages [9-21-01]

Judgment of Nations: Biblical Commentary and Reflections [9-21-01]

Reflections on Judgment and Sufficient Knowledge for Salvation [6-7-02]

Reply to a Calvinist: Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart (vs. Colin Smith) [10-14-06]

Dialogue w Atheists on Hell & Whether God is Just [12-5-06]

God’s Judgment of Humans (Sometimes, Entire Nations) [2-16-07]

“How Can God Order the Massacre of Innocents?” (Amalekites, etc.) [11-10-07]

Final Judgment & Works (Not Faith): 50 Passages [2-10-08]

Did Moses (and God) Sin In Judging the Midianites (Numbers 31)? [5-21-08]

God “Hardening Hearts”: How Do We Interpret That? [12-18-08]

St. Paul: Two-Faced Re Unbelief? (Romans 1 “vs.” Epistles) [7-5-10]

God’s “Punishing” of Descendants: Unjust? [7-8-10]

Dialogue on Faith and Works and the Relation of Each to the Final Judgment (vs. Bethany Kerr) [10-10-13]

Final Judgment Always Has to Do with Works and Never with “Faith Alone” [9-5-14]

Israel as God’s Agent of Judgment [9-28-14]

Final Judgment is Not a Matter of “Faith Alone” At All [National Catholic Register, 10-7-16]

Grace, Faith, Works, & Judgment: A Scriptural Exposition [12-16-09; reformulated and abridged on 3-15-17]

Does God Ever Judge People by Sending Disease? [10-30-17]

Is God an Unjust Judge? Dialogue with an Atheist [10-30-17]

God’s Judgment of Sin: Analogies for an Atheist Inquirer [9-6-18]

Seidensticker Folly #17: “to the third and fourth generations”? [9-11-18]

Does God Punish to the Fourth Generation? [National Catholic Register, 10-1-18]

No OT Judgment = No 2nd Coming & Last Judgment [10-8-18]

Did God Immorally “Murder” King David’s Innocent Child? (God’s Providence and Permissive Will, and Hebrew Non-Literal Anthropomorphism) [5-6-19]

Madison vs. Jesus #9: Clueless Re Rebellion & Judgment [8-7-19]

David Madison vs. Paul and Romans #11: Chapter 11 (“Scary” & “Vindictive” Yahweh? / Endless Stupefied Insults of God / Judgment Explained Yet Again) [8-30-19]

Taylor Marshall: Pachamama “Idolatry” Judged by Coronavirus (Yet “Antichrist” Pope Francis Walks the Streets of Pandemic-Ravaged Rome Free of the Virus . . .) [3-17-20]

Alexander Tschugguel, Taylor Marshall, & God’s Wrath [3-19-20]

Priest Blasphemes God (Coronavirus = Judgment?) [4-10-20]

Dialogue: Is Coronavirus the Way that God Judges? [4-13-20]

“Why Did God Kill 70,000 Israelites for David’s Sin?” [4-13-20]

Is God Judging the World for Communion in the Hand? [4-13-20]

The Lord “Bringing Evil” Means Righteous Judgment [10-25-21]

Hays’ Calvinist Prooftexts #2: Eli’s Sons (1 Sam 2:25) [10-25-21]

Hays’ Calvinist Prooftexts #4: Judgment of Assyria [10-27-21]

“Angry” OT God “vs.” “Meek and Mild” Jesus? [2-14-24]
*

“The Day” (1 Cor 3:13) & Purgatory (Vs. James White) [2-27-24]

No Particular Judgment? (vs. Anglican Stearns #3): Including a Brief Examination of the Views of the Church Fathers [3-17-25]
*

IX. THEISTIC ARGUMENTS

Christian Replies to the Argument From Evil (Free Will Defense): Is God Malevolent, Weak, or Non-Existent Because of the Existence of Evil and Suffering? [2002]

Why Did a Perfect God Create an Imperfect World? [8-18-15]

Defending God (The Atheist Blame Game) [8-31-15]

God, Empiricism, & Atheist Demands for “Evidence” [10-9-15]

Cosmological Argument for God (Resources) [10-23-15]

Teleological (Design) Argument for God (Resources) [10-27-15]

15 Theistic Arguments (Copious Resources) [11-3-15]

My Opinion on “Proofs for God’s Existence” Summarized in Two Sentences [Facebook, 6-18-18]

Seidensticker Folly #13: God Hasta Prove He Exists! [8-29-18]

Dialogue: Has God Demonstrated His Existence (Romans 1)? [9-1-18]

Seidensticker Folly #14: Something Rather Than Nothing [9-3-18]

Seidensticker Folly #38: Eternal Universe vs. an Eternal God [4-16-20]

Seidensticker Folly #41: Argument from Design [8-25-20]

Seidensticker Folly #42: Creation “Ex Nihilo” [8-28-20]

Creation Ex Nihilo is in the Bible [National Catholic Register, 10-1-20]

“Quantum Entanglement” & the “Upholding” Power of God [10-20-20]

Quantum Mechanics and the “Upholding” Power of God [National Catholic Register, 11-24-20]

Seidensticker Folly #71: Spirit-God “Magic”; 68% Dark Energy Isn’t? [2-2-21]

VIDEO: God, Modern Physics, & Dark Energy: An Analogy [+ initial transcript] [4-10-26]

*
***
*

Practical Matters: This is the most comprehensive and multi-faceted Catholic apologetics blog: rated #1 for Christian sites by leading AI tool, ChatGPT. I offer more than 5,000 free online articles, fifty-nine books, and many scores of videos at the Catholic Bible Highlights YouTube channel (please subscribe!). If you believe my full-time apostolate is worth supporting, please seriously consider financially supporting it. PayPal donations are the easiest: just send to my email address: [email protected]. You’ll see the term “Dave Armstrong Bookstore”. To learn about the different methods of contributing (including Zelle and 100% tax-deductible donations if desired), see my page: About Catholic Apologist Dave Armstrong / Donation Information. Thanks a million!

***

Last updated on 3 October 2026

***

Trinitarianism & Christology

Previous Post

November 8, 2006

Salvation, Justification, & "Faith Alone" (Index Page)

Next Post

November 8, 2006 The [Catholic] Church and Ecclesiology (Index Page)

Browse Our Archives

Select a Category & Last Things About Me Anti-Catholicism Atheism & Agnosticism Baptism and Sacramentalism Bible and Tradition Blessed Virgin Mary Books by Dave Armstrong C. S. Lewis Calvinism & General Protestantism Catholic Apologetics Catholic Apologists Catholic conversion Catholic converts Christmas Church (Ecclesiology) Church History Conversion and Converts Development of Doctrine Eastern Orthodoxy Ecumenism & Christian Unity Eucharist & Liturgy Fathers of the Church French Translations G. K. Chesterton Hell Hell & Satan Hell & Satan & Last Things Heresies & Comparative Religion Holistic Health Inquisition & Crusades & Scandals James White Jews & Judaism & Old Testament John Calvin John Henry Newman Liberal / Modernist Theology Life Issues Literary Resume Lutheranism Mariology Martin Luther Music Orthodoxy Papacy & Infallibility Personal Page Philosophy & Science Political & Ethical & Moral Issues Protestant Persecution & Intolerance Protestantism Purgatory Purgatory & Penance Romantic & Imaginative Theology Saints & Purgatory & Penance Salvation Salvation & Justification Satan & Last Things Sexuality and Gender Issues Spanish Translations Traditionalism vs. Radical Catholic Reactionaries Traducciones al español / tradução para português Trinitarianism & Christology Uncategorized Videos

Select a Month October 2026 September 2026 August 2026 July 2026 June 2026 May 2026 April 2026 March 2026 February 2026 January 2026 December 2025 November 2025 October 2025 September 2025 August 2025 July 2025 June 2025 May 2025 April 2025 March 2025 February 2025 January 2025 December 2024 November 2024 October 2024 September 2024 August 2024 July 2024 June 2024 May 2024 April 2024 March 2024 February 2024 January 2024 December 2023 November 2023 October 2023 September 2023 August 2023 July 2023 June 2023 May 2023 April 2023 March 2023 February 2023 January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 April 2010 March 2010 December 2009 October 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 March 2009 February 2009 October 2008 September 2008 April 2008 March 2008 February 2008 January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 May 2007 March 2007 February 2007 January 2007 November 2006 October 2006 September 2006 August 2006 July 2006 June 2006 May 2006 April 2006 March 2006 February 2006 October 2005 June 2005 April 2005 February 2005 July 2004 May 2004 April 2004

TAKE THE

Religious Wisdom Quiz