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Saints, Purgatory, & Penance (Index Page)

Saints, Purgatory, & Penance (Index Page)

Last updated on: October 21, 2026 at 9:08 pm by Dave Armstrong

Saints, Purgatory, & Penance (Index Page) 2026-10-21T21:08:36-04:00 Dave Armstrong

LOGO Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and spiritualities of the world.

(November 2024, 124 pages)

[see full book and purchase information]

*****

TABLE OF CONTENTS

***

Communion of Saints

I. GENERAL

II. INVOCATION AND INTERCESSION OF SAINTS AND ANGELS

III. VENERATION OF SAINTS AND ANGELS

IV. VENERATION OF ICONS AND IMAGES (INCLUDING OF GOD) / STATUES / HOLY OBJECTS / HOLY DAYS

V. RELICS

Purgatory and Penance

VI. PURGATORY AND SHEOL (HADES)

VII. PRAYER AND PENANCE FOR THE DEAD

VIII. PRAYER FOR THE DEAD: ST. PAUL AND ONESIPHORUS

IX. SACRAMENT OF PENANCE: CONTRITION, CONFESSION, ABSOLUTION, AND SATISFACTION

X. INDULGENCES

XI. MORTIFICATION, FASTING, ABSTINENCE, ASCETICISM, MONASTICISM, SUFFERING, & REDEMPTIVE SUFFERING

XII. LENT

***

I. COMMUNION OF SAINTS: GENERAL

Classic Reflections on the Communion of Saints [2-17-91; revised and expanded: 12-14-93]

The Cloud of Witnesses [cartoon tract; art by Dan Grajek, early 90s]
*

Communion of Saints: Biblical Introduction & Overview [1995; published in The Catholic Answer (Nov / Dec 1998)]

The Communion of Saints: All Who Are In Christ [2-17-91; rev. Dec. 1993 and May 1996]

Dialogues on Objections to the Communion of Saints [1996]

“Witnesses” of Hebrews 12:1 (Communion of Saints) [1998]

Saints Are Closely Observing Us (“Cloud of Witnesses”) [2004]

Bible and Catholicism on Ghosts and Messages from God in Dreams [2-7-06]

Interview on Catholic Answers Live: “Communion of Saints: A Cloud of Witnesses” (hear audio file: see #10) (6-26-06)

Reply to James White on Communion of Saints [6-20-07]

Samuel Appearing to Saul: Argument for Communion of Saints? [7-1-07]

Communion of Saints, Scripture, & Anti-Catholic Doug Mabry (With Emphasis Particularly on the Saul and [Dead] Samuel Incident) [7-8-07]

“Soul Sleep”: A Thorough Biblical Refutation [11-28-07]

Dialogue w a Protestant on Communion of Saints [3-19-11]

Books by Dave Armstrong: Biblical Evidence for the Communion of Saints [2012]

Treatise on Communion of Saints (Anthony Zarrella) [6-9-16]

Heaven-Earth Communication in Book of Revelation: James White Contradicts Explicit Biblical Teaching on the Communion of Saints Yet Again! [9-2-18]
*

C. S. Lewis & the Invocation & Communion of Saints [10-10-19]

Bible On Angels & The Communion Of Saints (Ch. 12 of my book, Bible Truths for Catholic Truths: A Source Book for Apologists and Inquirers) [12-11-23]

Vs. Turretin #1: Communion Of Saints 1 (Preliminaries) [12-21-23]

Defense of the Communion of Saints & Images [5-22-24]

Luther vs. Scripture: All Ghosts R Satanic Deceivers? [6-28-24]
*

VIDEO: Can “PAGAN” Halloween Be “Christianized”? [All Saints Day] [see the transcript of the initial portion] [with Kenny Burchard, Catholic Bible Highlights, 10-30-25]

Characteristics of Saints in Heaven (65 Passages) [11-3-25]

***

The Communion of Saints in Holy Scripture [Adrian Combe]

II. COMMUNION OF SAINTS: INVOCATION AND INTERCESSION OF SAINTS AND ANGELS

“Witnesses” of Hebrews 12:1 (Communion of Saints) [1998]

Intercession of the Saints in Heaven on Our Behalf [2004]

“The Prayer of a Righteous Man Availeth Much” (James 5:16: KJV): What Does It Mean? Dialogue with a Lutheran (vs. Stuart Floyd) [6-8-05]

Dialogue: Are Dead Saints Playing Harps or Interceding? [2-15-06]

Dead Saints: Playing Harps on Clouds or Interceding? [12-29-06]

Dialogue w “Bible Christian” on “Praying to Dead Saints” [3-1-07]

Does God Forbid All Contact with the Dead? [6-23-07]

Communion of Saints, Scripture, & Anti-Catholic Doug Mabry (With Emphasis Particularly on the Saul and [Dead] Samuel Incident) [7-8-07]

Praying to Saints: Brief Exchange with Sincere Inquirer [5-27-08]

Bible on Invocation of Angels & Saved Human Beings [6-10-08]

“One Mediator” (1 Tim 2:5) vs. All Human Mediation? [10-14-08]

Invocation of the Saints = Necromancy? [10-18-08]

Invocation of Saints & the Bible: Dialogue [2-14-10]

“Why pray to a saint rather than to God?” [4-1-10]

People Extend God’s Comfort & Peace (Communion of Saints) [Sep. 2010]

Biblical Evidence for Prayers of the Righteous Having More Power [3-23-11]

Luther’s Early Belief in Invocation of the Saints [10-4-11]

Intercession & Invocation of Saints & Angels (vs. Calvin) [Oct. 2012]

Does Invoking Mary at Death Ignore Jesus? [9-22-13]

Bible on Asking Dead Men to Intercede (Luke 16) [7-8-14]

Dialogue with an Anglican on “Praying to Mary,” Patron Saints, Etc. (vs. Dr. Lydia McGrew) [11-10-14]
*

Praying to Angels & Angelic Intercession [2015]

Asking Saints to Intercede: Teaching of Jesus [2015]

Why Pray to Saints Rather than God? [9-4-15]

Reply to a Lutheran Pastor on Invocation of Saints [12-1-15]

John Calvin Did Not Pray to Philip Melanchthon [9-19-09; revised with retraction, 5-3-16]

Dialogue on Praying to Abraham (Luke 16) [5-22-16]

Prayer to Saints: “New” [?] Biblical Argument [5-23-16]

Treatise on Communion of Saints (Anthony Zarrella) [6-9-16]

Must Catholics Pray to Saints or be Excommunicated? [12-2-16]

Why Would Anyone Pray to Saints Rather Than to God? [National Catholic Register, 1-8-17]

Invocation & Intercession of Saints & Angels: Bible Proof [10-22-16 and 1-9-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #5: Prayer to Creatures [2-20-17]

Dialogue: Rich Man’s Prayer to Abraham (Luke 16) and the Invocation of Saints (vs. Lutheran Pastor Ken Howes) [5-3-17]

Dialogue on Samuel Appearing to Saul (Witch of Endor) [5-6-17]

Dialogue on Prayer to the Saints and Hades / Sheol [12-19-17]

Prayers to Saints & for the Dead: Six Biblical Proofs [6-8-18]

4 Biblical Proofs for Prayers to Saints and for the Dead [National Catholic Register, 6-16-18]

Angelic Intercession is Totally Biblical [National Catholic Register, 7-1-18]

Why the Bible Says the Prayers of Holy People Are More Powerful [National Catholic Register, 3-19-19]

C. S. Lewis & the Invocation & Communion of Saints [10-10-19]

Vs. James White #13: Jesus Taught Invocation of Saints (And by James White’s “Reasoning,” Jesus Couldn’t be God and was a Blaspheming False Teacher) [11-16-19]

The Saints in Heaven are Quite Aware of Events on Earth (featuring a defense of patron saints) [National Catholic Register, 3-21-20]

Invocation of Saints and Angels (Luke 16 [Lazarus & the Rich Man & Abraham] is One of the Most Unanswerable Arguments in Catholic Apologetics) (vs. Jason Engwer) [5-26-20]

Invocation of Saints: Jesus Allegedly “Calling on Elijah” (vs. Jason Engwer) [6-8-20]

Prayer to Abraham and Dead People in Scripture [National Catholic Register, 6-20-20]

What Christ’s Words on the Cross Tell Us About Elijah and the Saints [National Catholic Register, 8-2-20]

Can Mary Hear “Simultaneous” Prayers of Millions? (vs. Matt Slick) [9-30-20]

Prayer to Creatures Proven from Holy Scripture (vs. Matt Slick) [10-1-20]

How Can a Saint Hear the Prayers of Millions at Once? [National Catholic Register, 10-7-20]

Jason Engwer, Origen, & Intercession of Saints [10-16-20]

Origen and the Intercession of Saints [National Catholic Register, 11-19-20]

Dialogue: Prayer For & To the Dead (w Dr. Lydia McGrew) [2-17-21]

Dialogue on Prayers to Saints & for the Dead [5-29-21]

Prayer to an Angel: An Explicit Biblical Example [11-21-21]

Reply to Jordan Cooper: Invocation of Saints [4-27-22]

Reply to Gavin Ortlund on Praying to the Saints (Including a Reply Regarding the [Blasphemous?] “Excesses of Marian Prayers” from the Protestant Point of View) [5-15-22]

Why Do We Ask Mary to Pray for Us? [National Catholic Register, 5-24-22]

Seven Replies Re Interceding Saints (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [5-25-22]

Answer to Banzoli’s “Challenge” Re Intercession of Saints [9-20-22]

Nutshell Systematic Theology of the Efficacy & Biblical Nature of “Prayers of the Righteous” [Facebook, 9-20-22]

Bible on Praying Straight to God (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [9-21-22]

Reply to Banzoli’s “Analyzing the ‘evidence’ of saints’ intercession” [9-22-22]

Reply to Banzoli’s “Questions for Catholics About Prayer…” [9-23-22]

5 Replies to Questions About Catholic (and Biblical) Prayer [National Catholic Register, 11-30-22]

Dead Saints Interceding (vs. Lucas Banzoli): Including a Back-and-Forth Discussion on Banzoli’s Tragic Denial of the Deity of Christ [2-8-23]

Bible & the Intercession of Saints (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [2-8-23]

John Calvin in Effect Regards Jesus’ Teaching on Prayer to Abraham as “Novel and Impure” [Facebook, 3-8-23]

Do Petitions to Departed Saints Offend God? [3-20-23]

Jason Engwer vs. the Biblical Case for Invoking Saints [4-22-23]

Invocation of Saints: Jason Engwer Still Out to Sea [7-19-23]

Jesus: Okay to Request Abraham’s Intercession [9-25-23]

Vs. J. Oliveira #3: Mediating Saints [9-28-23]

Vs. J. Oliveira #5: Talking to Dead Saints [10-3-23]

Defense of My NCR Article, “4 Biblical Proofs for Prayers to Saints and for the Dead” [Facebook, 10-7-23]

What Are Saints & Angels in Heaven Doing with Our “Prayers”? [Catholic365, 11-26-23]

Are Saints in Heaven Ignorant and Passive or Extremely Knowledgeable and Active in Charity and Prayer? [Facebook, 12-22-23]

Vs. Turretin #3: Communion Of Saints 3 (Intercession) [12-23-23]

Vs. Turretin #4: Communion Of Saints 4 (Invocation) [12-26-23]

Invoking Saints and Angels: A Nutshell Biblical Proof [Facebook, 12-26-23]

Vs. Turretin #7: Intercession & Veneration Of Angels [12-29-23]

Lutherans & Invocation #1 (Intro) [1-11-24]

Lutherans & Invocation #2 (Definitions of Prayer & Intercession; God Sharing His Glory; Views of St. Augustine & Many Other Church Fathers) [1-11-24]

Lutherans & Invocation #3 (Necromancy; Can Saints Hear Us?) [1-12-24]

Invocation Of Saints: 20 Biblical Proofs [1-15-24]
*

Lutherans & Invocation #4 (Revelation; Luke 16) [1-17-24]

Nutshell Biblical Intercession Of The Saints & Angels [1-17-24]
*

Here’s What the Bible Says About Asking Saints to Pray For Us [National Catholic Register, 1-22-24]
*

Origen & Interceding Saints & Angels (vs. Gavin Ortlund) [3-13-24]

Is All Prayer Necessarily Worship? (vs. Jordan Cooper): Including the Non-Worship Biblical Usage of “I Pray You” (RSV) / “I Pray Thee” (KJV) [3-20-24]

Saints Can Hear “Millions” Of Prayers? (Vs. Jordan Cooper): Including a Summary of the Extraordinary, Unfathomable Characteristics of Redeemed Human Beings in Heaven [3-20-24]

Bible & Invocation of Saints (vs. Jordan Cooper): 12-Point Summary + Biblical Evidence for the Treasury of Merit and Redemptive Suffering [3-22-24]
*

Lazarus & The Rich Man: Jesus Taught False Theology? [5-14-24]
*

Biblical Evidence for How the Saints in Heaven Are Able to Hear Our Intercessory Requests [Facebook, 7-4-24]
*

Reply to Melanchthon on the Invocation of Saints [9-10-24]
*

Bible on Seeking Exceptionally Righteous Intercessors (vs. Dr. Lydia McGrew) [11-9-24]

CARM Forum Wrong About Biblical Prayer to Creatures (Five Biblical Examples Provided) [11-21-24]
*

Reply to Anglican E. B. Pusey #4 (Infallible Ecumenical Councils; Nature of Saints’ Intercession) [1-29-25]
*

Patron Saints & Invoking Saints vs. Direct Prayer to God [2-7-25]
*

No Particular Judgment? (vs. Anglican Stearns #3): Including a Brief Examination of the Views of the Church Fathers [3-17-25]

Invocation of Saints (vs. Anglican C. H. H. Wright #1): Five Biblical Proofs [3-24-25]

Intercessors in Heaven: Four Protestant Commentaries: Revelation 5:8 (Elders) and Revelation 8:3-4 (Angels) Are Undeniably Involved with “the Prayers of the Saints” [3-31-25]

Intercession of the Saints: Zwingli vs. Scripture (Are We Never to Seek Intercessory Aid from Departed Saints or Even from Righteous People on the Earth?) [6-26-25]
*

VIDEO: Bible vs. Allie Beth Stuckey (Prayer to Mary) [see the transcript of the initial presentation] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 11-1-25]

Wider Traditional (and Biblical) Use of the Word “Pray” [Facebook, 12-2-25]

VIDEO: Is All Prayer Worship? Rev. Jordan Cooper vs. the Bible [see also the transcript of the initial portion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 12-20-25]

VIDEO: Can Catholics Pray to Saints? YES! This Bible Passage Proves It! [see also the transcript of the initial portion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 2-6-26]

Invocation of Saints: Catholic Scholars vs. Me? Nope! [2-10-26]

Luke 16, Invocation of Saints, Protestants, & Jesus [2-11-26]

Lot Prayed to Two Angels and They Granted His Request [Facebook, 2-11-26]
*

Prayer to Abraham (Lk 16) & Analyzing Lousy Retorts [2-14-26]
*

VIDEO: Does The Bible Forbid All Contact Between The Living and the Dead? [see also the transcript of the initial portion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 2-27-26]

Jesus the Unique Mediator + “Mini-Mediators” (Human Beings on Earth & in Heaven, & Angels Help to Spread God’s Grace & Salvation, Including Through Intercession) [3-4-26]
*

Invocation of Dead Saints: 100 Biblical Arguments [5-20-26]
*

Wes Huff vs. Invocation of Saints: Corruptions in Practice Don’t Disprove the Essence of a Doctrine [Facebook, 6-27-26]
*

The Real Prophet Samuel Appeared to Saul After Death (Argument for the Invocation & Intercession of the Saints) [Facebook, 9-2-26]

Short Exchange on Invocation of Saints [Facebook, 9-15-26]
*

Revelation 5 & 8 (Intercession of Saints & Angels) [9-16-26]
*

Does Catholic Intercession of Saints Require Omniscience? (One Lutheran Denies This, Another Vehemently & Falsely Asserts That it Does) [9-24-26]
*

Capabilities of Heavenly Saints: Protestant Commentaries [10-5-26]
*

Is Jesus the Only “Intercessor”? [Facebook, 10-21-26]
*

III. COMMUNION OF SAINTS: VENERATION OF SAINTS AND ANGELS

Is Mary Worshiped by Catholics? [3-8-99]

The Imitation of St. Paul & the Veneration of Saints [2004]

Veneration of Saints and Its Doctrinal Development: Dialogue with an Inquiring Baptist [12-1-08]

Bible: God Shares Glory with His Creatures [1-3-10]

Blasphemy Against Creatures & Things (Not Just Against God: A Biblical Exposition) [11-30-11]

Bible on Veneration of Saints & Angels: John Calvin’s Antipathy to Veneration of Saints and Angels vs. Explicit Biblical Evidences of Same [10-1-12]

Biblical Evidence for Veneration of Saints [2013]
*

Veneration of Saints: God “In” and “Through” St. Paul [5-7-13; slightly expanded on 5-17-21]
*
Veneration of & Bowing Before an Angel (Joshua 5:13-15) [9-7-13]

Venerating & Bowing Before Angels & Men: Biblical? [11-10-14]
*

Martin Luther’s Espousal of the Veneration of Saints [11-11-14]

*
New (?) Analogical Biblical Argument for Veneration of the Saints and Angels from the Prohibition of Blasphemy of the Same [8-8-15]
*

Bible on the Veneration of Angels & Men [9-10-15]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #8: Veneration; Bowing to Creatures [3-2-17]
*

The Veneration of Angels and Men is Biblical [National Catholic Register, 8-24-17]
*

Biblical Evidence for Veneration of Saints and Images [National Catholic Register, 10-23-18]
*

Veneration of Human Beings: Seven Biblical Examples (Apostles Paul and Silas, Kings David and Saul, Prophets Daniel and Samuel, Patriarch Joseph) [3-4-19]

Angel Gabriel’s “Hail” (Lk 1:28): Veneration of Mary? [3-8-19]

Imitating Paul & Saints: Biblical Argument for Veneration [10-29-21]

Elizabeth’s Veneration of God-Blessed Mary [12-2-21]

Bible on Imitating Saints (vs. T.F. Kauffman) [7-17-23]
*

Vs. J. Oliveira #2: Is Veneration Worship? [9-28-23]
*

True ‘Bible Christians’ Imitate and Venerate the Saints [National Catholic Register, 10-25-23]

Vs. Turretin #2: Communion Of Saints 2 (Veneration) [12-22-23]

Vs. Turretin #7: Intercession & Veneration Of Angels [12-29-23]

Eck vs. Protestantism Chronicles: Veneration of Saints [6-4-24]
*

Is it true that “God will not share a tittle of His glory with another”? [Facebook, 4-1-25]
*

Veneration in the Bible (“Roman Creature-Worship”?) [4-1-25]
*

VIDEO: Venerating Men & Angels: Worship? 20 Bible Passages [+ the transcript of the initial presentation] [4-4-26]

St. Thérèse’s Personal Devotion to Jesus: Copiously Documented from Her Widely Read and Admired Autobiography: Story of a Soul [6-15-26]

IV. COMMUNION OF SAINTS: VENERATION OF ICONS AND IMAGES (INCLUDING OF GOD) / STATUES / HOLY OBJECTS / HOLY DAYS

Early Protestant Antipathy Towards Art (+ Iconoclasm) [1991]

Veneration of Images, Iconoclasm, and Idolatry (An Exposition) [11-15-02]

Dialogue: Is the Mass Similar to Jeroboam’s Idolatry? [8-7-04]

Ten Commandments: Changed by Catholics to Uphold Idolatry? [9-4-04]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]
*

Bible on Holy Places & Things [1-8-08]

Martin Luther on Crucifixes, Images and Statues of Saints, and the Sign of the Cross [4-15-08]

Bible on Candles, Incense, & Symbolism for Prayer [2-16-09]

Dialogue on Sacramentalism, Holy Objects, and Relics [2-26-09]

Bible on Physical Objects as Aids in Worship [4-7-09]

Calvin, Zwingli, and Bullinger vs. Statues of Christ, Crucifixes, & Crosses [9-19-09]

Biblical Evidences and Arguments Regarding Holy Days [9-21-09]
*

Crucifixes: Abominable Idols or Devotional Aids? [11-10-09]

Eucharistic Adoration: Idolatry or Biblical? (vs. Calvin #47) [12-2-09]

Tonsure, Holy Oil, and “Judaizing”? (vs. Calvin #54) [12-22-09]
*

4th Century Icons of St. Peter and St. Paul Found in Rome [6-23-10; Facebook]

Christmas Trees as Idols?: Silly So-Called “Arguments” from Holy Scripture [12-12-10]

Biblical Evidence for Worship of God Via an Image [6-24-11]

Bible On God’s Special Presence Prior to the Incarnation [2011]

Blasphemy Against Creatures & Things: Not Just Against God: A Biblical Exposition [11-30-11]

Lutheran Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz on Non-Idolatrous Veneration and Pious, Devotional Use of Images [Facebook, 1-23-12]

The Bronze Serpent: Example of Proper Use of Images [Feb. 2012]

“Graven Images”: Unbiblical Iconoclasm (vs. John Calvin) [Oct. 2012]

Biblical Idolatry: Authentic & Counterfeit Conceptions [2015]

Should God the Father be Visually Depicted in Paintings? [2015]

Worshiping God Through Images is Entirely Biblical [National Catholic Register, 12-23-16]
*

The Biblical Understanding of Holy Places and Things [National Catholic Register, 4-11-17]
*

How Protestant Nativity Scenes Proclaim Catholic Doctrine [12-15-13; expanded for publication at National Catholic Register: 12-17-17]

Dialogue on Worship of God Via Natural Images (vs. Jim Drickamer) [1-16-17]

Newsflash!: Catholicism Utterly Opposes Idolatry, Too [1-18-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #9: Images & Relics [3-2-17]

Statues in Relation to Bowing, Prayer, & Worship in Scripture [12-26-17]
*

Biblical Evidence for Veneration of Saints and Images [National Catholic Register, 10-23-18]
*

Debate on JW Antipathy to Holy Days & Christmas [12-21-18]
*

Unbiblical Antipathy to Holy Water (vs. Calvin #29) [1-24-19]

Eucharistic Adoration: Explicit & Undeniable Biblical Analogies [2-1-19]

Dialogue: “Pachamama” (?) Statues & Marian Iconography [12-24-19]

Crucifixes: Devotional Aids or Wicked Idols? [National Catholic Register, 1-15-20]
*

Crucifixes & Worship Images: “New” (?) Biblical Arguments [1-18-20]
*

Was Moses’ Bronze Serpent an Idolatrous “Graven Image?” [National Catholic Register, 2-17-20]

St. Newman vs. Inconsistent Protestant Iconoclasts [3-21-20]

“Turretinfan” Calls a Statue of Jesus Christ an “Idol” (While His Buddy Bishop James White Praises the Statues of “Reformers” Calvin, Farel, Beza, and Knox) [6-8-10; rev. 6-24-20]

Is Worship of God Through an Image Biblical? (vs. Luke Wayne) [11-10-20]

Golden Calf & Cherubim: Biblical Contradiction? (vs. Dr. Steven DiMattei) [11-23-20]

Christmas: Theological (Reformed / Calvinist) Opposition . . . With My Biblical and Historical Refutations [12-16-20]

Golden Calf Idolatry vs. Carved Cherubim on Ark of the Covenant [National Catholic Register, 1-7-21]

Reply to Baptist Gavin Ortlund’s Critique of Icons [5-19-22]

St. Augustine, St. Basil the Great, & Veneration of Images (+ St. Augustine’s Enthusiastic Advocacy of Relics) [8-3-22]

Exchange with Brazilian Calvinist and sophist Pedro França Gaião, who is obsessed with the topic of images. He refused my repeated invitations to debate the issue from the Bible, and engaged in obfuscation and slander [Facebook, 8-3-22]

Biblical Defense of Images and Icons (vs. Matt Hedges) [8-3-22]

John Calvin Didn’t Oppose All Religious Images [4-10-23]

Is All Bowing Before Images “Idolatry”? (vs. T.F. Kauffman) [7-14-23]

Debate on Religious Images (vs. Eric Svendsen) [9-20-23]
*

Vs. Turretin #6: Communion Of Saints 6 (Images) [12-27-23]

Catholicism = Unbiblical Idolatrous Worship? [5-21-24]

Defense of the Communion of Saints & Images [5-22-24]

Eck vs. Protestantism Chronicles: Veneration of Images [6-7-24]

Worshiping God Through an Image: Two Undeniable Biblical Proofs [Facebook, 3-15-25]

Worshiping God Through Images (vs. Anglican Stearns #4): Including the Biblical Case for Icons [3-20-25]

Zwingli vs. Scripture: Worshiping God Through an Image [6-21-25]
*

VIDEO: Icons: Gavin Ortlund’s 500-Year Absence Claim Refuted [see also the written transcript of the initial portion] [Catholic Bible Highlights with Kenny Burchard, 8-9-25]

The Ark of the Covenant Was Directly Associated with God, and Men Bowed Down Before it While Worshiping and Praying to God [Facebook, 8-11-25]
*

Moses Worshiped God Through the Medium of a Cloud (a Created Thing and an Image) (Ex 34:5-8) [Facebook, 8-11-25]
*

Vs. Ortlund: Widespread Image Veneration Before 500 AD (Contra Reformed Baptist Apologist Gavin Ortlund; Including the Opinions of Protestant Historians Philip Schaff and Jaroslav Pelikan; Similarity to the Veneration of Relics) [8-15-25]

VIDEO: God Commanded Physical Worship. Here Are 7 Bible Proofs! [+ initial transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights with Kenny Burchard, 6-12-26]

Is John 4 (The Samaritan Woman at the Well) a Disproof of Physical Objects in Worship? [Facebook, 6-16-26]
*

V. COMMUNION OF SAINTS: RELICS

Biblical Evidence and Reasoned Arguments for Relics [2004]

Are Relics & Sacraments Mere Magical Charms? [2007]

Relics: Debate with a Baptist Pastor [6-3-08]

Dialogue on Sacramentalism, Holy Objects, and Relics [2-26-09]

Relics: A Collection of Explicit Biblical Proofs & Evidences [2009]
*

My Wedding Ring: Third-Class Relic (+ Examination of Fine Distinctions of Relic Classes) [9-16-15] [+ Facebook discussion: 4 November 2014; my ring touched 100 holy items in the Holy Land]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #9: Images & Relics [3-2-17]

Veneration of Relics: A Short Catholic Apologia [5-17-17]
*

Biblical Proofs and Evidence for Relics [National Catholic Register, 3-13-20]
*

Reply to Gavin Ortlund’s “Relics: A Protestant Critique” [5-12-22]

Reply #2 to Gavin Ortlund on Purgatory [5-14-22]

Relics Are a Biblical Concept — Here Are Some Examples [National Catholic Register, 5-31-22]

Biblical Evidence for Relics (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [6-10-22]

St. Augustine, St. Basil the Great, & Veneration of Images (+ St. Augustine’s Enthusiastic Advocacy of Relics) [8-3-22]

God Commanded Veneration of Second-Class Relics from He Himself [Facebook, 12-26-23]
*

Jesus and Relics: a “New” Biblical Argument [Facebook, 12-26-23]
*

Vs. Turretin #5: Communion Of Saints 5 (Relics) [12-27-23]

St. Jerome: Honor The Relics Of The Dead [4-15-24]

Relics: Biblical Proofs (vs. Anglican C. H. H. Wright #2): + Ten Protestant Commentaries in Support of Peter’s Healing Shadow (Acts 5:15): Which Rev. Wright Denied [3-26-25]
*

VIDEO: Relics: Gavin Ortlund says NO, Bible Says YES! [see also the written transcript of the initial portion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 10-3-25]
*

VI. PURGATORY AND SHEOL (HADES)

Classic Catholic Reflections on Purgatory [1994]

Fictional Dialogue on Purgatory [1995]

25 Bible Passages on Purgatory [1996]

Purgatory: . . . Saved, But Only As Through Fire [4-21-94; rev. May 1996]

Purgatory: A Short Exposition [5-9-02]

A Biblical Argument for Purgatory (Matthew 5:25-26) [10-13-04]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]

Is Purgatory a “Place” or a “Condition”?: Misconceptions From [Eastern Orthodox] Fr. Ambrose About My Opinion (and the Church’s View) / Also: Development and Alleged Historical Revisionism [7-24-05]

Dialogue with Lutherans on Jesus’ Descent Into “Hell” [2-1-07]

Purgatory: Refutation of James White (1 Corinthians 3:10-15) [3-3-07]

Has Limbo Been Relegated to Limbo? [12-28-07]

Luther Believed in Soul Sleep; Thus He Rejected Purgatory [2-9-08]

Dialogue on Sheol / Hades (Limbo of the Fathers) and Luke 16 (the Rich Man and Lazarus) with a Baptist (vs. “Grubb”) [2-28-08]

Luther: Purgatory “Quite Plain” in 2 Maccabees [3-5-09]

Purgatory is the Waiting Room for Heaven [4-25-09]

Luke 23:43 (Thief on the Cross): “Paradise” = Sheol, Not Heaven, According to Many Reputable Protestant Scholars [5-25-09]

50 Bible Passages on Purgatory & Analogous Processes [2009]

John Wesley’s Belief in an Intermediate State After Death [7-13-09]

Purgatory: My Biblical Defense of its Doctrinal Development [9-20-11]

John Wesley’s View of Purgatory and Analogous Processes [2013]

Dialogue with an Evangelical on Purgatory [10-7-13]

Multiple Meanings of “Paradise” in Scripture [1-2-14]

Purgatory in One Verse (1 Corinthians 3:15) [Facebook, 1-29-14]

Catholic Mystics & Contemplatives on Purgatory [2014]

Martin Luther’s Belief in Purgatory (1517-1522, 1528) [11-17-14]

Dialogue w Calvinists on Prayer for the Dead & Purgatory [3-18-15]

Dialogue: Raising of Tabitha from the Dead & Purgatory [March 2015]

50 Biblical Indications That Purgatory is Real [National Catholic Register, 10-24-16]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #1: Purgatory (Mt 12:32) [2-17-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #2: Purgatory (Lk 23:43) [2-17-17]

Does Matthew 12:32 Suggest or Disprove Purgatory? [National Catholic Register, 2-26-17]

Did Jesus Descend to Hell, Sheol, or Paradise After His Death? [National Catholic Register, 4-17-17]

11 Descriptive and Clear Bible Passages About Purgatory [National Catholic Register, 5-7-17]

Purgatory: Exchange with a Presbyterian (Calvinist) [5-11-17]

Armstrong vs. Collins & Walls #7: Unbiblical / Non-Patristic Purgatory? [10-19-17]

Dialogue on Prayer to the Saints and Hades / Sheol [12-19-17]

Reflections on Interceding for the Lost Souls [National Catholic Register, 6-26-18]

C. S. Lewis Believed in Purgatory & Prayer for the Dead [6-22-10; rev. 10-8-19]

Does Time & Place Apply to Purgatory? (vs. James White) [11-6-19]

Luke 16 Doesn’t Describe Hell or Purgatory, But Hades [1-16-20]

Dialogue: Purgatory & 2 Maccabees 12:39-45 [11-8-20]

Purgatory in the Bible (vs. Calvin #60) [1-15-21]

Reply to Gavin Ortlund on Purgatory [5-12-22]

Vs. J. Oliveira #6: Bible & Purgatory [10-3-23]

Purgatory: Biblical Indications (chapter five [“Purgatory”] — pp. 239-252 — of my 2009 book, Bible Truths for Catholic Truths: A Source Book for Apologists and Inquirers) [10-18-23]

“New” Argument on How Protestant “Faith Alone” Helps Prove the Absolute Necessity of Purgation After Death [Facebook, 2-24-24]

Temporal Punishment Is Biblical (James White Was Wrong): + a “New” Argument on How Protestant “Faith Alone” Helps Prove the Absolute Necessity of Purgation After Death [2-26-24]

“The Day” (1 Cor 3:13) & Purgatory (Vs. James White) [2-27-24]

James Swan is Clueless Re Purgatory & Development [7-5-24]

VIDEO: Purgatory is 100% BIBLICAL!! [Kenny Burchard, Catholic Bible Highlights, utilizing my biblical research, 8-29-24]

Further Developed Nutshell Biblical Argument for Purgatory [Facebook, 10-2-24]

Dialogue w Protestant on Purgatory [10-2-24]

Purgatory: 110 Related Biblical Themes [10-31-24; revised 11-2-24]

Short Dialogue with a Protestant on Purgatory [Facebook, 11-27-24]

VIDEO: 9 Things to Say to Your Protestant Friends about Purgatory [with Kenny Burchard on Catholic Bible Highlights, 12-13-24]

Fire-Tested Faith: Exploring the Biblical Foundation for Purgatory (written version of the above video) [National Catholic Register, 12-27-24]

Joy in Purgatory: St. Catherine of Genoa & Bishop Camus [1-27-25]
*

VIDEO Short: Ten Purgatory Proofs: “Fiery Cleansing” in the Bible [see also the transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights, 1-23-26]

VIDEO: Jeff Durbin Gets Purgatory Wrong? Catholics Respond from Scripture [see the transcript of the initial presentation] [3-13-26, Catholic Bible Highlights with Kenny Burchard]

VIDEO: One Purgatory Passage Protestants Can’t Explain Away [see also my initial transcript] [8-7-26, Catholic Bible Highlights with Kenny Burchard]

Does Catholic Purgatory Require Literal Fire? + Protestant Commentators on 1 Corinthians 3:15: “Saved . . . Through Fire” [8-8-26]
*

Exchanges on 1 Corinthians 3:10-15 & Purgatory [8-10-26]

***

Jewish 1st Century Belief in Purgatory (Paul Hoffer) [9-20-11]

Raising of Tabitha: Proof of Purgatory (Tony Gerring) [3-20-15]

VII. PRAYER AND PENANCE FOR THE DEAD

Baptiz ing the Dead? (Odd Verse 1 Corinthians 15:29) [6-5-02]

Baptized for the Dead: The “UnProtestant” Verse (1 Cor 15:29) [2004]

New (?) Biblical Argument: Prayers for the Dead [2004]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]

Prayer for the Dead & Retroactive Prayer (Luther & Protestants) [3-22-05]

Does God Forbid All Contact with the Dead? [6-23-07]

John Wesley Believed in Prayer for the Dead [7-13-09]

Prayer for the Dead (vs. Calvin #57) [2012]

Fasting for the Dead in the Old Testament (Not Unlike Praying) [11-4-12]

Dialogue on Prayer for the Dead & the Bible [11-5-12]

Dialogue: Jesus, Peter, Elijah & Elisha Prayed for the Dead (+ a discussion on apologetics methodology and effectiveness) [6-9-13]

“Pray for the Dead Like Paul Did!” (mock Church billboard) [Facebook, 2-10-14]

Dialogue w Calvinists on Prayer for the Dead & Purgatory [3-18-15]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #4: Prayer for the Dead [2-20-17]

Prayers to Saints & for the Dead: Six Biblical Proofs [6-8-18]

4 Biblical Proofs for Prayers to Saints and for the Dead [National Catholic Register, 6-16-18]

Reflections on Interceding for the Lost Souls [National Catholic Register, 6-26-18]

Dialogue w Lutherans: “Proxy Baptism”? (1 Cor 15:29) [12-28-18]

C. S. Lewis Believed in Purgatory & Prayer for the Dead [6-22-10; rev. 10-8-19]

The Anglican Newman on Prayer for the Dead (1838): It was as well-attested in the early Church as the Canon of Scripture [10-11-19]

Jesus, Peter, Elijah and Elisha All Prayed for the Dead [National Catholic Register, 2-23-20]

Dialogue: Purgatory & 2 Maccabees 12:39-45 (vs. Luke Wayne) [11-8-20]

Dialogue: Acts 9:40 and Prayers for (not to) the Dead (vs. Luke Wayne) [11-11-20]

Dialogue: Prayer For & To the Dead (w Dr. Lydia McGrew) [2-17-21]

Dialogue on Prayers to Saints & for the Dead [5-29-21]

Prayer for the Dead: Brief Exchange with a Friendly Agnostic [Facebook, 3-9-23]

Prayers to and for the Dead (vs. Jason Engwer): Did Jesus & Peter Talk to Dead People Before They Rose from the Dead, and — Along with Elijah and Elisha — Pray for the Dead, or Only Ask Them to Move After They Were Raised? (+ Part 2) [3-13-23]

VIDEO: Pray for the Dead? Calvin says NO, Bible says YES [see also the transcript of the initial presentation, minus spontaneous discussions] [8-13-25]

Prayer for the Dead: the Desperate & Absurd Lengths Some Protestants Will Go (Hyper-Eisegesis) in Order to Avoid This Biblical Teaching [Facebook, 8-15-25]

Prayer for the Dead in the Bible: a Short Exchange [Facebook, 8-20-25]

VIDEO: The Three Most “Un-Protestant” NT Passages [1 Cor 15:29-32] [see also the initial transcript, minus our spontaneous discussion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 10-9-25]

VIDEO: What is BAPTISM FOR THE DEAD? (Hint: It’s NOT what the Mormons say!) / The Most Un-Protestant Bible Verse? [Catholic Bible Highlights, 23 minutes, 10-20-25]: this is the portion of the above video that was devoted to a discussion of 1 Corinthians 15:29.

VIII. PRAYER FOR THE DEAD: ST. PAUL AND ONESIPHORUS

Paul Prayed for Dead Onesiphorus (Protestant Commentaries) [7-14-09]

Cardinal Newman on Onesiphorus and Prayer for the Dead [Facebook, 3-18-15]

St. Paul Prayed for a Dead Man: Onesiphorus [8-19-15]

St. Paul Prayed for Onesiphorus, Who Was Dead [National Catholic Register, 3-19-17]

Was Onesiphorus Dead When Paul Prayed for Him?: Data from 16 Protestant Commentaries (1992-2016) [3-20-17]

Paul & Dead Onesiphorus (vs. Steve Hays) [10-10-23]

VIDEO: Un-Protestant Bible #5: Paul Prays for a Dead Man [see also the initial transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights with Kenny Burchard, 5-8-26]

IX. SACRAMENT OF PENANCE: CONTRITION, CONFESSION, ABSOLUTION, AND SATISFACTION

Classic Catholic Reflections on Penance [1994]

Fictional Dialogue on Penance [1995]

Penance: . . . Share Christ’s Sufferings [4-21-94; rev. May 1996]

Karl Adam, G. K. Chesterton, and Karl Keating on Confession [5-27-04; Facebook]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]

Reply to James White: Penance & Redemptive Suffering: His Critique of My Book, The Catholic Verses: Part VI [1-2-05]

Formal Human Forgiveness of Sins in the Bible [6-10-07]

Vulgate’s “Do Penance”: Exchange w Reformed Protestants [2-2-08]

Martin Luther on Absolution & Private Confession [4-14-08]

Examination of Conscience: Biblical (Pauline) Evidence [7-14-08]

St. Mary Magdalene: Former Prostitute? [7-22-09]

Sacrament of Penance: Man-Made Tradition? (vs. Calvin #51) [12-21-09]
*

Temporal Punishment After Forgiveness: Catholicism (vs. John Calvin) [10-18-12]

The Bible on Confession & Absolution [2013]

Bible: Men & Angels Forgive Sins as Representatives of God [7-18-14]

Confession and Absolution Are Biblical [National Catholic Register, 7-31-17]
*

Absolution, Sanctification, & Forgiveness: Reply to Calvin #7 [12-19-18]
*

C. S. Lewis Practiced Confession to an Anglican Priest [10-7-19]

Weekly Mass Attenders Can Still End Up in Hell? Yes! (Attending Mass — Even for an Entire Lifetime — Doesn’t Excuse Us from the Moral Requirements of Christianity, Including Confession of Sin [1-24-20]

John 20:22-23 & Formal Absolution (vs. Steve Hays) [5-12-20]

No Confession to Men in the Bible? Seriously? Read On . . . [11-19-21]

Biblical Catholic Confession & Absolution (vs. Lucas Banzoli) (+ The Church Fathers on Auricular Confession to a Priest) [2-23-23]

John Calvin Sanctions Something Not Unlike Catholic Confession to Priests and Absolution [Facebook, 3-7-23]
*

Caricatures of Catholic Confession (vs. Calvin #63): Calvin Claims That the Catholic Church Requires Formal Confession of Every Venial Sin (!) [3-9-23]

Juan Oliveiro Foolishly Tries to Pit Jesus Against Penance [10-5-23]
*

Vs. J. Oliveira #10: Confession [10-6-23]

Temporal Punishment Is Biblical (James White Was Wrong): + a “New” Argument on How Protestant “Faith Alone” Helps Prove the Absolute Necessity of Purgation After Death [2-26-24]

Reply to Gavin Ortlund: Confession & Authority [4-11-24]

Confession and Absolution: Nutshell Biblical Argument [Facebook, 4-11-24]
*

Augsburg Confession Dialogues: Penance & Satisfaction [5-5-24]

Eck vs. Protestantism Chronicles: Confession [6-3-24]
*

Eck vs. Protestantism Chronicles: Satisfaction [6-4-24]
*

Why Examination of Conscience Is Biblical [National Catholic Register, 11-25-24]

Confession & Absolution According to John Wesley, C. S. Lewis, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, & Methodism [Facebook, 4-24-25]
*

Zwingli’s Anti-Biblical Silliness Regarding Absolution of Sins [Facebook, 6-24-25]
*

Temporal Punishment of Believers (vs. Sean Luke) [5-7-26]
*

Bible & Catholicism on Mortal Sin (vs. John Anderson) [10-8-26]

X. INDULGENCES

Classic Catholic Reflections on Indulgences [1994]

Biblical Evidence for Indulgences [1996]

Indulgences & Distribution of Grace (vs. Calvin #58) [2012]

Catholic Indulgences: History & Myths [8-6-16]

Myths and Facts Regarding Tetzel and Indulgences [11-25-16; published in Catholic Herald]

The Biblical Roots and History of Indulgences [National Catholic Register, 5-25-18]
*

Vs. James White #11: Biblical Evidence for Indulgences [11-15-19]

Indulgences: Luther’s View & The Catholic Encyclopedia [2-16-24]

VIDEO Short: Top Ten Explicit Biblical Proofs for Indulgences [see also the transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights, 1-9-26]

VIDEO: Indulgences Are Biblical! (vs. Matthew Everhard) [+ initial transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 4-17-26]
*

XI. MORTIFICATION, FASTING, ABSTINENCE, ASCETICISM, MONASTICISM, SUFFERING, & REDEMPTIVE SUFFERING

Bible on Suffering and Hope in the Midst of It [1981]

Monasticism Defended from Scripture and Reason [1997]

Reply to James White: Penance & Redemptive Suffering: His Critique of My Book, The Catholic Verses: Part VI [1-2-05]

“I complete what is lacking in Christ’s afflictions” (Col 1:24) [3-15-06]

Evangelical Counsels & Monasticism (vs. Calvin #33) [9-22-09]

Biblical Evidence for Penitential Mortification [2-19-10]

Abstinence on Fridays & Meat: Doctrine or Discipline? [4-11-11]

Biblical Evidence for Lent & Practices of Asceticism [2-15-12]

Fasting for the Dead in the Old Testament (Not Unlike Praying) [11-4-12]

Great Catholic Mystics on the “Dark Night of the Soul” [2014]

Martin Luther on Suffering, Mortification, & Sanctity [2014]

Redemptive Suffering Offers Spiritual Benefit to Others [9-22-15]

“No Ritual Can Make One’s Heart Right with Jesus”. False! [2-12-16]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #3: Merit & Penitential Suffering [2-18-17]

Heads Up on the #Ashtag Controversy [3-6-17]

The devil’s antics in opposing Christians, and suffering in the Christian life [The Michigan Catholic, 3-24-17]

Suffering With Christ is a Biblical Teaching [National Catholic Register, 3-27-18]
*

John Calvin vs. the Bible and John the Baptist, with Regard to Abstinence from Wine [Facebook, 1-26-19]

The Bible Says Your Suffering Can Help Save Others [National Catholic Register, 1-31-19]
*

Bible on Bodily Mortification for the Sake of Others [2-26-19]
*

Bodily Mortification is Quite Scriptural [National Catholic Register, 2-28-19]
*

Secular Psychology vs. Scriptural Bodily Mortification [3-3-19]
*

More Biblical Support for Bodily Mortification [National Catholic Register, 3-5-19]
*

Divine Discipline for Our Ultimate Good (Bible Passages) [Facebook, 4-9-19]
*

Biblical Hope and Encouragement in Your Times of Suffering [National Catholic Register; abridged and edited from 1981 material: 4-22-19]

C. S. Lewis Believed in Vicarious, Redemptive Suffering [10-17-19]

Why God Loves Monasticism So Much [National Catholic Register, 3-5-20]
*

On Catholic Bodily Mortification & Penance: Reply to a Protestant who criticizes Catholics “crawling on their hands and knees across stone” [6-15-23]

Penance, Redemptive Suffering, & Atonement (Ch. 11 of my book, Bible Truths for Catholic Truths: A Source Book for Apologists and Inquirers) [12-10-23]
*

18-Month Family Nightmare Over / 20 Signs from God [9-19-25]
*

XII. LENT

Lenten Meditation: NT Teaching on Suffering with Christ [1996]

Lenten Meditation: Suffering & Comfort (Psalms) [3-22-04]

Lent: Unbiblical & Irrational Antipathy (vs. Calvin #30) [9-15-09]

Abstinence on Fridays & Meat: Doctrine or Discipline? [4-11-11]

Biblical Evidence for Lent & Practices of Asceticism [2-15-12]

Martin Luther on Suffering, Mortification, & Sanctity [2014]

Should We Give Up Facebook for Lent or No? [Facebook, 3-1-17]
*

Where are Lenten Practices in the Bible? [National Catholic Register, 2-23-19]
*

John Calvin vs. Lent and the Bible [National Catholic Register, 2-20-21]

15 Times Martin Luther Sounded Surprisingly Catholic When Talking About Suffering [National Catholic Register, 2-25-21]

Can the Church Make Restrictions on the Foods That We Eat (Lent)? (Including Abstinence “from blood and from what is strangled”) [Facebook, 2-16-26]

Forty Days of Lent: Biblical Parallels (Moses, Elijah, Ezekiel, Jesus) [Facebook, 2-17-26]
*

[for lengthy philosophical analyses of suffering and the problem of evil, see my Philosophy, Science, and Christianity web page; second section]

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Practical Matters: This is the most comprehensive and multi-faceted Catholic apologetics blog: rated #1 for Christian sites by leading AI tool, ChatGPT. I offer more than 5,000 free online articles, fifty-nine books, and many scores of videos at the Catholic Bible Highlights YouTube channel (please subscribe!). If you believe my full-time apostolate is worth supporting, please seriously consider financially supporting it. PayPal donations are the easiest: just send to my email address: [email protected]. You’ll see the term “Dave Armstrong Bookstore”. To learn about the different methods of contributing (including Zelle and 100% tax-deductible donations if desired), see my page: About Catholic Apologist Dave Armstrong / Donation Information. Thanks a million!

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Last updated on 21 October 2026

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