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The [Catholic] Church and Ecclesiology (Index Page)

The [Catholic] Church and Ecclesiology (Index Page)

Last updated on: September 23, 2026 at 6:20 pm by Dave Armstrong

The [Catholic] Church and Ecclesiology (Index Page) 2026-09-23T18:20:38-04:00 Dave Armstrong

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Strasbourg Cathedral

Strasbourg Cathedral (Alsace, France). At 466 feet, it was the world’s tallest building from 1647 to 1874. It remains the highest extant structure built entirely in the Middle Ages. Photo by David Iliff (2-8-14) [Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA 3.0 license]

***

This testimony of the universal holy Christian Church, even if we had nothing else, would be a sufficient warrant for holding this article [on the sacrament] and refusing to suffer or listen to a sectary, for it is dangerous and fearful to hear or believe anything against the unanimous testimony, belief, and teaching of the universal holy Christian churches, unanimously held in all the world from the beginning until now over fifteen hundred years.

(Martin Luther, in the year 1532; from Protestant Luther biographer Roland H. Bainton, Studies on the Reformation [Boston: Beacon Press, 1963], p. 26; primary source: WA [Werke, Weimar edition in German], XXX, 552)

***

TABLE OF CONTENTS

***

I. GENERAL ECCLESIOLOGY

II. THE INDEFECTIBILITY OF THE CHURCH

III. APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION

IV. CLERGY AND ORDINATION / HOLY ORDERS / BISHOPS

V. WOMEN’S ORDINATION / CATHOLIC VIEW OF WOMEN

VI. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY / HIERARCHICAL AND EPISCOPAL ECCLESIOLOGY

VII. RULE OF FAITH (BIBLE + CHURCH + TRADITION)

VIII. CONSCIENCE AND PRIVATE JUDGMENT / DISSENT

IX. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL

X. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL

XI. ECCLESIAL INFALLIBILITY AND INFALLIBLE ECUMENICAL COUNCILS

XII. HERETICAL CONCILIARISM

XIII. THE JERUSALEM COUNCIL (ACTS 15)

XIV. REASONS WHY PEOPLE LEAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

XV. THE “INFALLIBILITY REGRESS” (PROTESTANT POLEMICAL ARGUMENT)

XVI. THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT

XVII. CLERICAL CELIBACY

XVIII. TITLE OF CATHOLIC

XIX. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

XX. ST. TERESA OF CALCUTTA (MOTHER TERESA)

***

I. GENERAL ECCLESIOLOGY

150 Reasons Why I am a Catholic [1992; rev. 9-28-05]

Are Catholics Christians? (vs. James White) [May 1995]

Debate on the Nature of the Church and Catholicism (vs. Eric Svendsen) [7-5-96]

Visible, Hierarchical, Apostolic Church [1996]

Catholic Questions Regarding Protestant Ecclesiologies [6-5-03]

Dialogue w Protestant: “One True Church” vs. Ecumenism? (vs. Michael Patton) [7-11-07]

The Nature of the Church: Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue [11-19-07]
*

Orthodox & Catholic Ecclesiology: Possible Synthesis? [11-23-11]

St. Paul on Sinners in the Church (Notorious Galatians) [12-20-11]

Christian Ecclesiology: Dialogue with a Mennonite: Especially that of the Early Church, and the Jerusalem Council [5-30-12]

Biblical Evidence for Catholic Ecclesiological Claims [2013]

Bible on “One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic” Church [2013]

Martin Luther: Catholicism is Christian [6-12-13]

Did Luther & Calvin Think Catholicism was Christian? [6-14-13]

On Descriptive Adjectives for “Catholic” [1-30-14]

“Right” & “Left”: Applicable to Theology & Ecclesiology? [9-13-15]

Debunking the Mythical Invisible Church [9-14-15]

“Personal Relationship” vs. “Join the One Church”? [2-3-16]

Douthat’s Flawed Critique of “Conservative” Catholicism [3-2-16]

*
Belief in One True Church: Is it “Breathtakingly Arrogant”? [5-22-17]
*

Why Do Protestants Reject the Notion of “One True Church”? [5-24-17]

Why Do Protestants Reject the Notion of “One True Church”? [National Catholic Register, 6-22-17]
*

Eight Ways in Which the Devil Successfully Divides Catholics [9-9-17]
*

Dialogue on “Mere Christianity” and “The Church” [11-22-17]

Is the One True Church a Visible or Invisible Entity? [National Catholic Register, 9-12-18]
*

“Spiritual” Kingdom of God: Old Testament Precursors [8-18-19]

“Who is My Mother?”: Beginning of “Familial Church” [8-26-19]

Dispute on “The Church” in the NT [12-30-21]

Reply to Hays’ “Catholicism” #11: Visible Church; Eucharist in Acts 2:42; Ever-Changing Catholicism? [5-22-23]

The Authority of the Catholic Church (+ Pt. 2): chapter two of my 2009 book, Bible Truths for Catholic Truths: A Source Book for Apologists and Inquirers [10-16-23]
*

Nutshell Proof for Sinners in the One True Church [Facebook, 10-16-23]

Yes, Jesus Founded The Catholic Church (vs. Jordan Cooper) [3-6-24]

Vs. Geisler on Catholicism #13: Church & Ecclesiology (Including Authority in the Church; Paul the “Lone Ranger”?; Apostolic Succession: Five Biblical Proofs) [7-22-25]
*

Nutshell Argument for Why Only the Catholic Church Headed by the Pope in Rome is THE One Catholic Church [Facebook, 2-6-26]

II. THE INDEFECTIBILITY OF THE CHURCH
*

“Could the Catholic Church Go Off the Rails?” (Indefectibility) [1997]

Anti-Catholic Orthodox Claims of Exclusive Apostolic Succession [Nov. 1998; revised in 2004]

Indefectibility: Does God Protect His Church from Doctrinal Error? [11-1-05; abridged and reformulated a bit on 2-14-17]

“The Gates of Hell Shall Not Prevail” Against the Church [11-11-08]

Indefectibility of the One True Church (vs. Calvin #9) [5-16-09]

Indefectibility & Apostolic Succession (vs. Calvin #10) [5-18-09]

Sunny Optimism Regarding God’s Guidance of His Church Now and Always (Including Liturgical Discussion) [7-22-11]

Dialogue with a Lutheran on Ecclesiology & Old Testament Indefectibility Analogies [11-22-11]

St. Francis de Sales: Bible vs. Total Depravity (+ Biblical Evidence for the Indefectibility of the Church, from the Psalms) [11-24-11]

The Bible on the Indefectibility of the Church [2013]

Indefectibility, Fear, & the Synod on the Family [9-30-15]

Salesian Apologetics #1: Indefectibility of the Church [2-4-20]

Reply to a Despairing Catholic Seminarian (Indefectibility) [6-26-21]

The Indefectibility of the Church [Ch. 3 of my book, Reflections on Radical Catholic Reactionaries (December 2002; revised in December 2023 for the free online version) ]

The “Spirit of Defectibility” & “Quasi-Defectibility” [Catholic365, 11-22-23]

Vs. Turretin #9: Church #2 (Indefectibility) [1-9-24]

VIDEO: The Three Most “Un-Protestant” NT Passages [1 Tim 3:15] [see also the initial transcript, minus our spontaneous discussion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 10-9-25]

Biblical Analogies & the Infallible Church [Facebook, 10-18-25]
*

“What if the Catholic Church Started Teaching Falsehoods? Then What?” [Facebook, 9-23-26]
*

III. APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION
*

Visible, Hierarchical, Apostolic Church [1996]

Apostles Became Bishops (Apostolic Succession) [1997]

Roman See as Historic Standard-Bearer of Orthodoxy (+ the Ecclesiological Absurdity of Anti-Catholic-Type Eastern Orthodox Arguments Against Roman Primacy & Apostolicity) [1997]

Anti-Catholic Orthodox Claims of Exclusive Apostolic Succession [Nov. 1998; revised in 2004]

Did Miracles & Supernatural Gifts Cease in 100 AD? [2007]

Biblical Arguments for Apostolic Succession [9-9-09]

The Bible on Submission to Church & Apostolic Tradition + Biblical Condemnation of the Rebellious & Schismatic Aspects of the Protestant Revolt [8-27-11]

Dialogues on Various Biblical Arguments for Apostolic Succession [1-5-17]

*
Apostolic Succession: More Biblical Arguments [1-6-17]

Apostolic Succession as Seen in the Jerusalem Council [National Catholic Register, 1-15-17]

Dialogue on Oral Tradition & Apostolic Succession (vs. John E. Taylor) [5-17-17]

Apostolic Succession: Reply to Certain Misconceptions [7-1-20]

Answers to Questions About Apostolic Succession [National Catholic Register, 7-25-20]

A New Biblical Argument for Apostolic Succession [National Catholic Register, 4-23-21]

“New” Apostle Matthias: Proof of Church Infallibility [12-31-21]

Apostolic Succession, Judas, & Matthias [5-26-23]

Biblical Proof for Apostolic Succession (Apostles to Bishops), in a Nutshell (Matthias and James) [Facebook, 9-27-23]
*

Jerusalem Council & James, Bishop Of Jerusalem: The Ambivalence and Inconsistencies of Protestant Thought on the Earliest “Monarchical” Bishops [1-30-24]

Revelation 2-3: Monarchical Bishops By 95 AD [2-2-24]

Did St. Paul Participate in a “Hierarchical” Church & Apostolic Succession? [Facebook, 7-4-24]
*

Five Quick Biblical Proofs of Apostolic Succession [Facebook, 7-21-25]
*

Apostolic Succession: 40 Biblical Arguments [5-25-26]
*

VIDEO: Jesus Founded the Catholic Church. If Not Him… WHO? [Matt 16:18] [see also my initial transcript] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 8-28-26]

IV. CLERGY AND ORDINATION / HOLY ORDERS / BISHOPS

Monasticism Defended from Scripture and Reason [1997]

Personal Tribute to Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. [1-1-01]

Bishops in the Apostolic Church [1-16-01; rev. 5-7-03]

Bishops: NT, Early Church, & Baptists (vs. James White) [1-16-01]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]
*

Are Bishops & a Hierarchical Church Unbiblical? [2007]

Did Miracles & Supernatural Gifts Cease in 100 AD? [2007]

Sacrament of Holy Orders (Ordination): The Biblical Evidence [5-9-08]

Bishops, Church Offices, & Paul’s Call (vs. Calvin #12) [5-20-09]
*

Unbiblical Opposition to Priest’s Vows (vs. Calvin #32) [9-21-09]
*

Evangelical Counsels & Monasticism (vs. Calvin #33) [9-22-09]
*

Tonsure, Holy Oil, and “Judaizing”? (vs. Calvin #54) [12-22-09]
*

Biblical Evidence for Priests [9-13-15]

St. Paul Was a Priest [9-15-15]
*

Biblical Evidence Regarding Calling Priests “Father” [2-24-16]

“Call No Man Father” vs. Priests Addressed as “Father”? [National Catholic Register, 8-9-18]
*

The Biblical Basis for the Priesthood [National Catholic Register, 11-2-18]
*

Calvin’s Self-Contradictory Trashing of Monasticism [1-26-19]
*

Thoughts on Fr. Jonathan Morris’ Laicization Request [5-21-19]

“Who is My Mother?”: Beginning of “Familial Church” [8-26-19]

Cowardly (?) Bishops, Pro-Abort Biden, & Holy Communion [6-22-21]

Offices in the Early Church [Facebook, 10-16-23]
*

Bible On Bishops’ Authority Over Local Pastors [5-23-24]
*

VIDEO: Why Can’t Women Be Priests in the Catholic Church? [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 10-6-25]

*
V. WOMEN’S ORDINATION / CATHOLIC VIEW OF WOMEN

Is Catholic Male-Only Priesthood Inherently Sexist? [2007; slight revision: 4-5-16]

Should Catholic Women Teach Men? Yes! [1-16-09]

Dialogue with Atheists: Sexist, Misogynist Bible? [9-20-10]

Woman-Hating Catholic Church?: Reply to an Atheist [10-1-15]

Deaconesses: Examination of Biblical & Patristic Data [5-12-16]

Dialogue with a Traditionalist Regarding Deaconesses (vs. Dr. Peter Kwasniewski) [5-13-16]

Dialogue: Are Jesus, the Bible, & the Church “Sexist”? [11-4-19]

Dialogue w a Woman on Abortion, Female Priests, Menstruation, Etc. [2-1-21]

VI. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY / HIERARCHICAL AND EPISCOPAL ECCLESIOLOGY

Roman See as Historic Standard-Bearer of Orthodoxy (+ the Ecclesiological Absurdity of Anti-Catholic-Type Eastern Orthodox Arguments Against Roman Primacy & Apostolicity) [1997]

Church Authority & Certainty (The “Infallibility Regress”) [July 2000; some revisions on 12-8-11]

Anathemas of Trent & Excommunication: An Explanation [5-20-03, incorporating portions from 1996 and 1998; abridged on 7-30-18]

Salvation Outside the Church? Alleged Catholic Magisterial Contradictions & St. Thomas Aquinas’ Views [7-31-03]

Only Catholics Issue Anathemas Against Dissenters? (vs. James White) [3-12-04]

Difficulties of Authority: Luther, Calvin, & Protestantism [4-11-04]
*

How to Determine the Identity of the One True Church [8-11-05]

Catholic Rule of Faith and Binding Authority: Old Testament Analogies [4-9-06]
*

Do Catholics Excommunicate People to Hell? [2007]

John Calvin: Authoritative Council Needed to Unite Protestants [1-18-08]
*

No Salvation Outside the Church: Reply to Pastor Bill Keller [4-23-08]
*

25 Arguments Regarding Binding Church Authority [1-13-09]

Bishops, Church Offices, & Paul’s Call (vs. Calvin #12) [5-20-09]
*

Bible on Authority to Anathematize & Excommunicate [2009]

Dialogue: Definition of “Christian” (vs. Reformed Pastor) (+ Did Trent Anathematize all Protestants?) [6-5-10]

Luther’s “Prophetic” Authority Critiqued (Series) [2002 to 2011]

Dialogue with a Calvinist: Paul a “Lone Ranger”? (vs. Neil Shenvi) [10-24-11]

Mass Baptisms in Acts & Future Binding Church Decrees (Cardinal Wiseman) [1-10-12]

Various Thoughts on Salvation “Outside” the Church [2012]

Pitting Paul Against Peter (Pathetic, Pitiful Pedantry): Reply to Failed Anti-Catholic Protestant Attempts to Tear Down St. Peter and His Papal Authority [8-10-12]

Doctrine of Divine Simplicity (and Church Authority to Determine the Parameters of Orthodoxy) [9-29-12]

Biblical Evidence for Catholic Ecclesiological Claims [2013]

Shunning Unrepentant or Contentious Sinners: Biblical? [4-8-13]

Church Authority vs. Rampant Sectarianism [9-22-16]

C. S. Lewis vs. St. Paul on Future Binding Church Authority [National Catholic Register, 1-22-17]

What the New Testament’s Baptisms Teach Us About the Magisterium: Christians remain bound to Church doctrine through its development [National Catholic Register, 1-29-17]

Dialogues on Church Rubrics (Laws) & Hand-Holding at Mass [11-15-17]

Catholics Accept All of the Church’s Dogmatic Teaching [National Catholic Register, 9-18-18]
*

“How Can we Find a List of Infallible Catholic Doctrines?” [12-15-18]

St. Paul: Orthodox Catholic or Theological Pluralist? [12-28-18]
*

Why Conform to Orthodoxy and Sacred Tradition? [3-20-19]

Orthodoxy: The ‘Equilibrium’ That Sets Us Free [National Catholic Register, 3-29-19]

Does Sola Scriptura Create Chaos? (vs. Steve Hays) [5-15-20]

Debate: Early Catholic Authority & Development of Ecclesiology (vs. Jason Engwer) [12-10-22]

Denominationalism & The Bible: Reply To Gavin Ortlund (+ Does the New Testament Present an Ecclesiology of “The Church”?) [2-27-24]
*

Did St. Paul Participate in a “Hierarchical” Church & Apostolic Succession? [Facebook, 7-4-24]

Catholic Salvation: Explanation for Protestants . . . With Many Links for Further Study, and Clarification That Catholic Anathemas Against Fellow Christian Protestants Are No Longer in Force [2-25-26]

History of Required Celibacy Disproves [the Authority of] Catholicism? [3-11-26]

2nd Reply to Anglican Sean Luke on Catholicism & Celibacy [3-12-26]

Reply to Protestants: Invalid Catholic Authority? [3-12-26]
*

Catholic “Wicked Married Sex”?: 4th Reply to Sean Luke [3-14-26]

VII. RULE OF FAITH (BIBLE + CHURCH + TRADITION)

Reply to Two Confessions: On the Church & Private Judgment (Reformed Belgic Confession [1561] and Second Helvetic Confession [1566]) [June 2002]

How to Determine the Identity of the One True Church [8-11-05]
*

1 Timothy 3:15: Sola Scriptura or Visible Church Authority? [10-2-07]

Papal Infallibility Doctrine: History (Including Luther’s Dissent at the Leipzig Disputation in 1519) (Related also to the particular circumstances of the origins of sola Scriptura) [10-8-07]
*

Nature of Tradition & Church: (vs. Two Lutheran Pastors) [10-9-07]

John Calvin: Authoritative Council Needed to Unite Protestants [1-18-08]
*

Catholic Development of Doctrine: A Defense (vs. Jason Engwer; Emphasis on the Canon of the Bible & Church Infallibility) (+ Pt. II / Pt. III / Pt. IV) [1-15-10]

St. Paul’s Word Selection vs. Sola Scriptura [4-3-10]

Were Vernacular Bibles Unknown Before Luther? (Luther’s Dubious Claims About the Supposed Utter Obscurity of the Bible Before His Translation) [6-15-11]

Dialogue with a Lutheran: Rule of Faith / Fathers / Ecclesiology (vs. Nathan Rinne) [10-17-11]

Dialogue: “Obscure” Bible Before Luther’s Translation? [7-24-14]

Catholic Church: Historic “Enemy” of the Bible? [9-11-15]

“Does the Catholic Church Claim to be ‘Above’ the Bible and Its ‘Creator’?” [9-14-15]

Dialogue with Protestant on Catholics & the Bible [6-5-16]

Church Authority vs. Rampant Sectarianism [9-22-16]

Orthodoxy and Heresy: Biblical Notions? [9-23-16]

C. S. Lewis vs. St. Paul on Future Binding Church Authority [National Catholic Register, 1-22-17]

Discussion on Sola Scriptura and the Rule of Faith [10-13-17]

Orthodoxy: The ‘Equilibrium’ That Sets Us Free [National Catholic Register, 3-29-19]

1 Timothy 3:15 = Church Infallibility (vs. Steve Hays) [5-14-20]

Does Sola Scriptura Create Chaos? (vs. Steve Hays) [5-15-20]

I Timothy 3:15 vs. Sola Scriptura & Jason Engwer [10-4-21]

1 Timothy 3:15 = Infallible Church (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [6-3-22]

Turretin, 1 Timothy 3:15, Infallibility, & Eisegesis [8-24-22]

Debate: Early Catholic Authority & Development of Ecclesiology (vs. Jason Engwer) [12-10-22]

Church = Foundation of the Truth (1 Tim 3:15) (vs. L. Banzoli) [2-9-23]

“Catholic Verses” #1: 1 Tim 3:15 (Church) (Also, the Biblical Definition of the Gospel) [10-24-23]

“Ecclesialism” vs. Sola Scriptura (vs. “The Other Paul”) [3-25-24]
*

Reply to Gavin Ortlund: Confession & Authority [4-11-24]

How Martin Luther Initiated the Novelty of Sola Scriptura: Quick and Historically Accurate Summary [Facebook, 5-11-24]

VIII. CONSCIENCE AND PRIVATE JUDGMENT / DISSENT

Conscience: the Catholic (and Cardinal Newman’s) View [1998]

Reply to Two Confessions: On the Church & Private Judgment (Reformed Belgic Confession [1561] and Second Helvetic Confession [1566]) [June 2002]

Catholic Authority and Conscience (vs. Calvin #28) [7-16-09]
*

Conscience Must be Formed in Harmony with the Church (Proof from Scripture & the Catechism of the Catholic Church) [7-19-09]

How Much Can Catholics Disagree with the Church? [4-7-01 and 3-13-09 and 9-23-10]

Irish Ecclesiastical Record vs. Anti-Catholic George Salmon, Pt. 5: Private Judgment, the Rule of Faith, and Dr. Salmon’s Weak Fallible Protestant “Church”: Subject to the Whims of Individuals; Church Fathers Misquoted [3-15-23]
*

Irish Ecclesiastical Record vs. Anti-Catholic George Salmon, Pt. 6: The Innumerable Perils of Perspicuity of Scripture and Private Judgment [3-16-23]

IX. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL

Infallibility, Councils, and Levels of Church Authority: Explanation of the Subtleties of Church Teaching and Debate with Several Radical Catholic Reactionaries [7-30-99; terminology updated, and a few minor changes made on 7-31-18]

Dialogue: Vatican II & Other Religions (Nostra Aetate) [8-1-99]

Cdl Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI): Vatican II Authority = Trent [5-20-05]

Cdl. Newman, Vatican I & II, & Papal Infallibility (Clarification) [12-10-05]

Dialogue: Do Vatican II & Ecumenism Discourage Converts? [Sep. 2009]
*

Dialogue on Vatican II: Its Relative Worth, Interpretation, and Application (with Patti Sheffield vs. Traditionalist David Palm) [9-15-13]

Apologia for Vatican II / Misguided Reactionary Criticisms [8-17-15]

Vatican II Defended Against Reactionary (and Some Traditionalist) Charges [4-25-14; expanded and re-edited: 1-23-17]

“Novelties” of Vatican II (Religious Liberty & Ecumenism)? [2-10-17]

Debate on Ross Douthat’s Critical Views of Vatican II [3-26-18]
*

Catholic (?) Vatican II-Bashing: Cutting Thru the Crap [4-25-19]

Is VCII’s Nostra Aetate “Religiously Pluralistic” & Indifferentist? [6-7-19]

Cardinal Newman Anticipated Vatican II & Lay Participation [10-11-19]

Series: Vs. Paolo Pasqualucci Re Vatican II

Defense of Vatican II (vs. Paolo Pasqualucci): Master List [7-23-19]

#1: Gaudium et Spes (Incarnation) [7-11-19]

#2: Unitatis Redintegratio (Salvation) [7-11-19]

#3: Gaudium et Spes (Man’s Purpose) [7-12-19]
*

#4: Lumen Gentium (Church & Salvation) [7-12-19]

#5: Lumen Gentium, Unitatis Redintegratio & “Subsists” [7-15-19]

#6: Dei Verbum & the Bible [7-16-19]
*

#7: Dei Verbum & Tradition [7-17-19]

#8: Lumen Gentium & Collegiality [7-18-19]

#9: Dignitatis Humanae & Religious Liberty [7-18-19]

#10: “Pastoral” Council Only? [7-19-19]

#11: Sacrosanctum Concilium & Sacrifice of the Mass [7-22-19]

#12: Sacrosanctum Concilium & Liturgical “Creativity” [7-22-19]

Bishops Viganò & Schneider Reject Authority of Vatican II [11-22-19]

Viganò, Schneider, Pachamama, & VCII (vs. Janet E. Smith) [11-25-19]

“Ambiguity”: Classic Reactionary Talking Point & Mantra [12-5-19]

Vatican II Upheld Biblical Inerrancy (vs. David Palm) [4-23-20]

Phil Lawler vs. Vatican II? (“Troublesome” / “Ambiguities”) [5-5-20]

Anti-Francis = Anti-Vatican II (You Heard it Here First) [7-16-20]

Bp. Schneider Evokes Luther’s Disdain for Councils [7-17-20]

Is Vatican II Analogous to “Failed” Lateran Council V? (Reply to Timothy Flanders) [8-11-20]

Viganò’s Outrageous Lie Re Pope Benedict XVI & Tradition (Unwillingness to Make Even Rudimentary Efforts to Consult Context or to Understand a Pope’s Overall Thinking) [8-21-20]

Vatican II: Documentation of Bishops’ Voting on its Documents (Ranked in Order from Most Dissenting Votes to Least Dissenting Votes) [9-17-21]

Defense of Vatican II vs. Oliveira Leonardo’s Attacks [10-13-22]

Is Vatican II a “Modernist” Council? [Ch. 11 of my book, Reflections on Radical Catholic Reactionaries (December 2002; revised in November 2023 for the purpose of the free online version)] [11-22-23]

Are the Vatican II Documents “Ambiguous”? [Ch. 12 of my book, Reflections on Radical Catholic Reactionaries (December 2002; revised in November 2023 for the purpose of the free online version)] [11-24-23]
*

“Ambiguous” Vatican II?: Analogy to Biblical Interpretation [Catholic365, 11-25-23]
*

A Response to Archbishop Viganò’s Letter about Vatican II (Fr. Thomas G. Weinandy, OFM., Cap., The Catholic World Report, 8-13-20)

Vatican II and “weaponized ambiguity” (Dr. Pedro Gabriel, Where Peter Is, 10-1-20)

X. ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL

Vatican I on Papal Infallibility: “Ultramontanism”? [3-29-04]

Dialogue #7 w 1P5 Columnist Timothy Flanders (Highlighting Papal Indefectibility, Pastor Aeternus from Vatican I in 1870, & the “Charitable Anathema”) [12-1-20]
*
Karl Keating is More Concerned About My Classifying Kwasniewski as a “Reactionary” Than About His Serious Errors, Including Rejecting Both Vatican II and Vatican I [Facebook, 12-3-20]
*

Peter Kwasniewski: Gotta Exorcise Vatican I (1870) [12-4-20]

Steve Skojec Casually Rejects Vatican I [One]; Cares Not a Thing About Existing Dogmas [Facebook, 9-15-21]
*

Leila Marie Lawler: Self-Appointed Pope-Basher / Papal Indefectibility Dogmatized at Vatican I [Facebook, 9-27-23]
*

Newman on Infallibility & Vatican I (vs. One Peter Five) [Catholic365, 11-24-23]
*

XI. ECCLESIAL INFALLIBILITY AND INFALLIBLE ECUMENICAL COUNCILS

Dialogue on the Logic of Catholic Infallible Authority [6-4-96]

Pope Silvester and the Council of Nicaea (vs. James White) [August 1997]

Conciliar Infallibility: Summary from Church Documents [6-5-98]

Eastern Orthodoxy, Councils, & Doctrinal Development [2000]

The Analogy of an Infallible Bible to an Infallible Church [11-6-05; rev. 7-25-15; published at National Catholic Register: 6-16-17]

Cdl. Newman, Vatican I & II, & Papal Infallibility (Clarification) [12-10-05]

The Bible on Papal & Church Infallibility [5-16-06]

Galileo Affair: No Disproof of Catholic Infallibility (vs. Ken Temple) [5-18-06]

Council of Nicea: Reply to James White: Its Relationship to Pope Sylvester, Athanasius’ Views, & the Unique Preeminence of Catholic Authority [4-2-07]

Protestant Historian Philip Schaff: The Church Fathers Believed in Conciliar Infallibility Based on the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) [Facebook, 10-8-07]

Infallibility: Dialogue with a Traditional Anglican [10-6-08]

Papal Participation in the First Seven Ecumenical Councils [4-22-09]

Popes & Early Ecumenical Councils (vs. Calvin #16) [6-15-09]

Authority and Infallibility of Councils (vs. Calvin #26) [8-25-09]

Catholic Development of Doctrine: A Defense (vs. Jason Engwer; Emphasis on the Canon of the Bible & Church Infallibility) (+ Pt. II / Pt. III / Pt. IV) [1-15-10]

Dialogue with an Atheist on the Galileo Fiasco and its Relation to Catholic Infallibility (vs. Jon Curry) [8-11-10]

Books by Dave Armstrong: Biblical Proofs for an Infallible Church and Papacy [2012]

“Reply to Calvin” #2: Infallible Church Authority [3-3-17]

Conciliar Infallibility / Council of Constance & John Hus’ Execution [5-25-17]

Debate w Lutheran: Church Infallibility & Death Penalty [11-10-18]

“How Can we Find a List of Infallible Catholic Doctrines?” [12-15-18]

Salesian Apologetics #4: Infallible Ecumenical Councils [2-6-20]

1 Timothy 3:15 = Church Infallibility (vs. Steve Hays) [5-14-20]

Ecumenical Councils: Catholic vs. Lutheran Perspective (vs. Pastor Ken Howes [LCMS]) [6-16-20]

Kwasniewski vs. Cdl. Newman Re Pope- & Council-Bashing [12-3-20]

Peter Kwasniewski: Gotta Exorcise Vatican I (1870) [12-4-20]

“New” Apostle Matthias: Proof of Church Infallibility [12-31-21]

Confirming Paul’s Apostleship: Infallible Church Proof (— and Biblical Disproof #185 of sola Scriptura) [1-4-22]

1 Timothy 3:15 = Infallible Church (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [6-3-22]

Debate: Early Catholic Authority & Development of Ecclesiology (vs. Jason Engwer) [12-10-22]

Church = Foundation of the Truth (1 Tim 3:15) (vs. L. Banzoli) [2-9-23]

Irish Ecclesiastical Record vs. Anti-Catholic George Salmon, Pt. 2 . . . In Which Dr. Salmon Accuses Cardinal Newman of Lying Through His Teeth in His Essay on Development, & Dr. Murphy Magnificently Defends Infallibility and Doctrinal Development Against Gross Caricature [3-12-23]

Steve Hays Foolishly Bashes the Biblical Doctrine of Infallibility [Facebook, 5-28-23]
*

Vs. J. Engwer Re Church Authority, #1: Preliminaries (Including St. Augustine on the Visible Catholic Church; St. Irenaeus on Church Infallibility; Biblical Data Regarding Infallibility & Indefectibility; Peter & the “Keys”; Jesus’ Prayer for St. Peter) [10-12-23]

Vs. J. Engwer Re Church Authority, #2: St. Irenaeus (In Particular, His & Other Fathers’ — and Luther’s and Calvin’s — Views on Church Infallibility & Indefectibility) [10-13-23]

Vs. Turretin #8: Church #1 (Infallibility 1) [1-4-24]

Calvin & Cranmer: Councils Necessary For Doctrinal Unity [5-8-24]

Ecclesial Infallibility: Reply to an Anti-Catholic [5-23-24]
*

Eck vs. Protestantism Chronicles: Church Councils [5-30-24]
*

The Early Christians Believed in the Infallibility of the Church [National Catholic Register, 7-30-24]
*

Reply to Luther’s On The Councils & the Church [8-12-24]

Infallible Church Authority (vs. Anglican Stearns #1): Particularly With Regard to Being Led by the Holy Spirit [3-11-25]

VIDEO: The Three Most “Un-Protestant” NT Passages [1 Tim 3:15] [see also the initial transcript, minus our spontaneous discussion] [Catholic Bible Highlights, with Kenny Burchard, 10-9-25]

Biblical Analogies & the Infallible Church [Facebook, 10-18-25]

Protestants Don’t Have Enough Faith to Believe That God Willed and Set Up and Continues to Guide and Protect an Infallible Church (vs. Jerome Smith) [Facebook, 9-1-26]
*

XII. HERETICAL CONCILIARISM

Was Medieval Ecclesiology “Fallibilist Conciliarism”? [1-10-04]

Conciliarism: “Orthodox” Option in Medieval Catholicism? [1-20-04]

Vatican I on Papal Infallibility: “Ultramontanism”? [3-29-04]

Council of Constance (1414-18): Triumph or Death of Conciliarism? [5-2-04]

Bp. Schneider Evokes Luther’s Disdain for Councils [7-17-20]

Which Has More Authority: A Pope or an Ecumenical Council? [National Catholic Register, 5-19-21]
*

XIII. THE JERUSALEM COUNCIL (ACTS 15)

Jerusalem Council vs. Sola Scriptura [9-2-04]

Protestant Historian Philip Schaff: The Fathers Believed in Conciliar Infallibility Based on the Jerusalem Council [10-8-07; Facebook]

Christian Ecclesiology: Dialogue with a Mennonite: Especially that of the Early Church, and the Jerusalem Council [5-30-12]

Acts 16:4 vs. Sola Scriptura & John Calvin?: Is Conciliar Authority Binding on Protestants (Especially When it is Guided by St. Paul and St. Peter?) [11-2-15]

Apostolic Succession as Seen in the Jerusalem Council [National Catholic Register, 1-15-17]

C. S. Lewis vs. St. Paul on Future Binding Church Authority [National Catholic Register, 1-22-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #10: Ecclesiology (Jerusalem Council) [3-2-17]

Conciliar Infallibility / Council of Constance & John Hus’ Execution [5-25-17]

Dialogue with a Protestant: Authority of the Jerusalem Council [5-26-17]

Lawler vs. Pope Francis #5: Jerusalem Council vs. “Ideology” [1-3-18]
*

Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) Decrees: Universally Binding? [11-21-19]

Were the Jerusalem Council Decrees Universally Binding? [National Catholic Register, 12-4-19]

Which Has More Authority: A Pope or an Ecumenical Council? [National Catholic Register, 5-19-21]

Did Peter or James Preside at the Jerusalem Council? (And Was it the Prototype of Ecumenical Councils or Merely a Local Synod?) [5-21-21]

Jerusalem Council, “Idol” Food, Paul, & Doctrinal Development: Reply to Lydia McGrew [12-9-22]
*

Jerusalem Council & Authoritative Bible Interpretation vs. Sola Scriptura [Facebook, 5-31-23]

Top Ten Parallels Between the Jerusalem Council & Catholic Ecumenical Councils [Facebook, 9-26-23]
*

Debate on the Jerusalem Council (vs. Steve Hays) [9-27-23]

“Catholic Verses” #2: Jerusalem Council (Also: the Ten Commandments in the New Covenant; Church Fathers On the Binding Nature of the Council of Nicaea) [10-25-23]

“Catholic Verses” #6: Interpreting Scripture (Including: How Far Away Were the Cities that the Jerusalem Council Bound to its Decrees?) [10-30-23]

The Jerusalem Council & Binding Universal Decisions [Catholic365, 11-2-23]
*

Jerusalem Council Disproves Sola Scriptura (vs. James White) [2-28-24]

VIDEO: Sola Scriptura Annihilated by the Book of Acts Alone [+ transcript] [with Kenny Burchard at Catholic Bible Highlights, 12-10-25]

A Protestant asked, “What book chapter and verse says ‘decree of Jerusalem Council’?” [Facebook, 12-11-25]
*

Jerusalem Council & Ecclesial Infallibility: 50 Proofs [12-12-25]
*

VIDEO: Jerusalem Council vs. James White & Sola Scriptura [+ transcript] [7-31-26]

XIV. REASONS WHY PEOPLE LEAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Catholic Fundamentalism & “Insufficiently Converted Catholics” [2-21-06]
*

Novelist Anne Rice’s Deconversion: Straw Men & “Baby / Bathwater” (conversion to humanism but not atheism) [7-30-10 and 8-9-10]
*

Shock! Former Catholic Rod Dreher Loves Lawler’s Pope-Bashing Book (Sin in the Church and Dreher’s Inadequately Explained Rejection of Catholic Doctrine) [2-22-18]

On the Impulse to Leave the Catholic Church Because of the Sex Scandals [Facebook, 8-16-18]

The Sex Scandals Are Not a Reason to Reject Catholicism [National Catholic Register, 8-24-18]
*

Leaving the Church for Insufficient Reasons (Damon Linker) [8-30-18]
*

Leaving Catholicism (Not Primarily Due to Sex Scandals!) (reply to Michael Boyle & Melinda Selmys) [10-5-18]
*

Why Do I Continue to Blog at Patheos Catholic: Which Also Hosts Many Heterodox and Leftist Writers? (+ discussion of Mindy Selmys’ departure) [Facebook, 3-16-19]

Does the Catholic Church Claim Sole Possession of the Sacraments and Use this Supposed Claim to “Abuse” and Wickedly Control Her Members? [Facebook, 3-20-19]

Fr. Angel Sotelo’s Analysis of Melinda Selmys’ Departure from the Catholic Church and Subsequent Behavior as a Self-Appointed Guide or “Healing Counselor” to Disgruntled and/or Dissenting Catholics [Facebook, 3-22-19]

Are Abuse Scandals a Reason to Leave the Church? [National Catholic Register, 3-31-19]

On Former Catholics & Why They Left the Church [4-22-23]
*

XV. THE “INFALLIBILITY REGRESS” (PROTESTANT POLEMICAL ARGUMENT)

Dialogue on the Logic of Catholic Infallible Authority [6-4-96]

Church Authority & Certainty (The “Infallibility Regress”) [July 2000; some revisions on 12-8-11]

Ecclesiological Certainty (?) & the “Infallibility Regress” [5-22-03 and 10-7-08]

Does Church Infallibility Require Infallible Catholics? [6-8-10]

“How Can we Find a List of Infallible Catholic Doctrines?” [12-15-18]

XVI. THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT

God Wills to Heal Everyone Through Faith or By Request? (Biblical Refutation of “Hyperfaith” / “Name-It-Claim-It” Teaching) [1982; revised 7-5-02]

Catholic Charismatic Movement Defended [1998; abridged on 8-2-18]

Catholic Charismatic Renewal: Opinions of Recent Popes [6-6-98]

Did the Spiritual Gifts Cease (1 Cor 13:8-11: “Perfect”)? [1999]

Different Kinds of Tongues: Biblical & Linguistic Defense [2000]

Did Miracles & Supernatural Gifts Cease in 100 AD? [2007]

Thoughts on Divine Healing [8-3-12]

Madison vs. Jesus #10: Universal Answered Prayer & Healing? [8-7-19]

Charismatic Emotional / Demonstrative “Excesses”: Biblical Analogies [9-28-20]

The People of the Bible Were ‘People of Praise’ [National Catholic Register, 10-15-20]

Authoritative Non-Biblical Oral Proclamation from a Prophet (Not an Apostle) Led by the Holy Spirit, After the Day of Pentecost [Facebook, 4-1-21]

God Has Healed Me! (Ulcer, Irritable Bowel Syndrome) [+ Brazilian Portugese version] [3-25-25]

XVII. CLERICAL CELIBACY

Clerical Celibacy & the Principle of Asceticism in Catholicism (Louis Bouyer) [1997; Facebook]

Mandatory Celibacy of Priests & Religious (Dialogue) [1997-1998]

Why Peter’s Marriage Doesn’t Disprove Catholicism: A Dialogue [January 1999]

Clerical Celibacy: Hostile Protestant Commentary & Catholic Replies [2-21-04]

Martin Luther & Antipathy Towards Clerical Celibacy [2-21-04]

Dialogue w a Baptist on Required Clerical Celibacy [7-2-06]

Objections to Clerical Celibacy: In-Depth Dialogue [7-12-06]

Unbiblical Rejection of Priestly Celibacy (vs. Calvin #31) [9-15-09]

Clerical Celibacy: Dialogue with John Calvin [9-17-09]

Mandatory Celibacy of Catholic Priests in the Western / Latin Rite: A New (?) Argument [11-16-12]

Further Reflections on Mandatory Priestly Celibacy [8-2-14]

The Fruitfulness of the Eunuch Devoted to God (Isaiah 56) (Paul Seberras) [Facebook, 2-7-17]

Consecrated Virginity & Catholic “Both / And” [9-13-17]

Priestly Celibacy: Ancient, Biblical and Pauline [National Catholic Register, 9-18-17]

Priestly Celibacy: Garden-Variety Objections Debunked [9-18-17]

Married Bishops (1 Tim 3) & Catholic Celibacy: Contradiction? [9-18-17; expanded on 6-20-18]

Q & A with a Critic of Priestly Celibacy [National Catholic Register, 2-4-19]

Thoughts on Fr. Jonathan Morris’ Laicization Request [5-21-19]

Madison vs. Jesus #5: Cultlike Forsaking of Family? [8-5-19]

Pope Francis: Strong Defender of Priestly Celibacy [1-14-20]

Priestly Celibacy as a Discipline: Steve Skojec’s Ignorance [3-20-20]

St. Peter’s Marriage and Priestly Celibacy [National Catholic Register, 4-9-20]

Dialogue: Are More Married Catholic Priests Desirable? [1-13-22]

On Whether Required Celibacy is “Biblical” (vs. Lucas Banzoli) [9-24-22]

Objection to Mandatory Priestly Celibacy Based on Married Bishops (1 Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:6-9) [Facebook, 9-24-22]

Clergy Celibacy: Back-and-Forth with Lucas Banzoli [11-16-22]

Priestly Celibacy: Explicit and Undeniable Biblical Proof [Catholic365, 11-6-23]

Peter’s Wife, James Swan, Celibacy, & Catholicism (The Perfectly Sensible and Explicit Biblical Rationale for Priestly Celibacy) [3-15-24]

Celibate Clergy: Reply to a Methodist Polemic [5-20-24]

Is Celibacy “Superior” to Marriage in Some Sense? [7-24-24]

Consecrated Celibacy (vs. Lutheran von Hase) [3-28-25]

Priestly Celibacy: A Short Exchange [Facebook, 5-4-25]

Brief Observation on the Eastern Catholic Antipathy to Required Priestly Celibacy [Facebook, 8-2-25]

History of Required Celibacy Disproves [the Authority of] Catholicism? [3-11-26]

2nd Reply to Anglican Sean Luke on Catholicism & Celibacy [3-12-26]

Reply to Protestants: Invalid Catholic Authority? [3-12-26]

Catholic “Wicked Married Sex”?: 4th Reply to Sean Luke [3-14-26]

The Catholic Church Supposedly Thinks Even Marital Sex is Sinful & Wicked? Nope; It Was Martin Luther Who Taught That [Facebook, 4-6-26]

XVIII. TITLE OF CATHOLIC

Catholic or Roman Catholic? (Proper Titles) (w J. Akin) [1996]

Catholic Christian Implies a Non-Catholic Ecclesiology? [3-23-06]

Objections to the Reactionary Epithet Neo-Catholic [3-9-07]

In What Century Did the Title, “Catholic Church” Begin? [7-22-07]

On the Use of Traditionalist Preceding the Name of Catholic [7-3-13]

On the Use of the Titles Catholic & Roman Catholic [10-20-17]

Jame’s White: Hypocritical Use of “Roman Catholic Church” [11-11-19]

XIX. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

Is Catholicism Half-Pagan? [1999; revised in one section on 2-22-06]

Is Catholicism Half-Pagan, & a Blend of Gospel & Lies? [2007]

Biblical Evidence for Expensive Church Buildings [3-18-08]

Why Is the Catholic Church Singularly Despised & Hated? [7-7-08]

“Why are Catholics So Legalistic and Rationalistic?” (Response to Orthodox and Protestant Criticisms) [9-8-08]

Biblical Evidence Against Tithing [2-4-09]

Biblical Evidence for Holy Days [9-21-09]

Mandatory Tithing: Further Thoughts [11-1-09]

“Leaven” of the Pharisees: Hypocrisy or False Doctrine? (vs. Nathan Rinne) [11-3-11]

Reply to Robin Phillips’ “Why I’m Not a Catholic” [1-31-12]

Dialogue on the Renaissance: Good or Bad Thing? [3-20-13]

Discussion of the Met Gala, in Which Catholicism was Mocked in Some of the Costumes [Facebook, 5-8-18]

Take Heart: Notre Dame Will be Rebuilt: Better Than Ever! [4-16-19]

“Who is My Mother?”: Beginning of “Familial Church” [8-26-19]

XX. ST. TERESA OF CALCUTTA (MOTHER TERESA)

Mother Teresa on Love & Theology [9-5-16]

Malcolm Muggeridge & Mother Teresa: A Blessed, Fruitful Meeting [9-6-16]

The Holy Collaboration of Mother Teresa and Malcom Muggeridge [National Catholic Register, 6-20-18]

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Practical Matters: This is the most comprehensive and multi-faceted Catholic apologetics blog: rated #1 for Christian sites by leading AI tool, ChatGPT. I offer more than 5,000 free online articles, fifty-nine books, and many scores of videos at the Catholic Bible Highlights YouTube channel (please subscribe!). If you believe my full-time apostolate is worth supporting, please seriously consider financially supporting it. PayPal donations are the easiest: just send to my email address: [email protected]. You’ll see the term “Dave Armstrong Bookstore”. To learn about the different methods of contributing (including Zelle and 100% tax-deductible donations if desired), see my page: About Catholic Apologist Dave Armstrong / Donation Information. Thanks a million!

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Last updated on 23 September 2026

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